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Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of the LS-CDs, showing new characteristic peaks corresponding to N\u2013H, C\u2013N, and C\u2013S bonds. Structural analysis indicated that the synthesis process led to a more uniform and tightly packed pore distribution (2.03\u20133.53\u00a0\u03bcm) compared to the pure LS, which enhanced the composite\u2019s surface properties. Quantum chemical parameters from Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations supported these findings, revealing that the LS-CDs possess a higher polarity (\u00b5\u2009=\u20099.29 Debye) and a lower energy gap (E\n                    <jats:sub>g<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u200b=0.0352\u00a0eV), signifying increased reactivity and a greater propensity for electron transfer. In biological assays, the LS-CDs exhibited no antimicrobial activity against the Gram-negative\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , likely due to its protective outer membrane. However, the composite showed significant antimicrobial efficacy against the Gram-positive\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (16\u00a0mm inhibition zone) and the fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (16\u00a0mm inhibition zone). This selective antimicrobial action is attributed to the strong electrostatic interactions between the LS-CDs and the simpler cell wall structures of these microorganisms, leading to cellular disruption. Furthermore, the LS-CDs demonstrated a remarkable differential sensing capability via unique fluorescence signals: a blue-to-red shift for\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    , star-like green shapes for\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and red filaments for\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The observed fluorescence changes were accompanied by a sharp decrease in intensity from an initial value of 20.78 to final values of 6.46, 5.51, and 4.91, respectively, for\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This dual functionality positions the LS\u2013CDs as a promising platform for applications in food safety, pharmaceutical quality control, and cultural heritage preservation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28621-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T19:06:19Z","timestamp":1765393579000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A two-in-one lignosulfonate carbon dots for bacterial detection and fluorescence quenching in food, pharmaceuticals, and cultural heritage preservation"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hebat-Allah S.","family":"Tohamy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"28621_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-025-14340-8","volume":"197","author":"H Elsayed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elsayed, H., Tohamy, H. 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