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However, despite the diversity of macrophyte forms, models incorporating their specific morphology and hydrodynamic effects are largely lacking. To develop a broadly applicable model, we tested whether the drag response of diverse macrophyte morphologies and plastic objects can be accurately predicted by approximating them as ellipsoids and accounting for their specific shapes. A set of simple shape descriptors (wet weight, volume, thallus thickness, thallus projection area) and an empirical solution to the drag equation enabled relatively accurate predictions of the sinking velocity for 26 morphologically diverse species of macroalgae in still water, as well as for eelgrass (\n                    <jats:italic>Zostera marina<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), another major source of drifting biomass in many shallow seas. Additionally, we identified a second simpler empirical solution that incorporates shape and, while slightly less accurate, can be applied to a broader range of particles, including plastics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28893-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T16:08:09Z","timestamp":1764259689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sedimentation and drag in drifting macrophytes and plastic objects: a model"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Friederike","family":"Gronwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florian","family":"Weinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tjeerd J.","family":"Bouma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Karez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"28893_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12860","volume":"504","author":"V Smetacek","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smetacek, V. & Zingone, A. 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