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In the present work, experimental and AI prediction studies examine the combustion, performance, and emissions of a B20-blended fuel engine. The biodiesel was derived from used temple oil, and CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    nanoparticles (NPs) were used as additives. The experiments conducted at a constant engine speed with various loads reveal that CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs at a 100-ppm concentration significantly improve brake thermal efficiency (BTE). The specific fuel consumption decreases with increasing CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs concentration, indicating enhanced fuel efficiency. The higher cylinder pressure and net heat release (NHR) further highlight the improved combustion characteristics. The emission analysis reveals a notable decline in hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides levels, with CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs at a 100-ppm concentration achieving the lowest emissions due to superior fuel atomization, improved combustion efficiency, and enhanced thermal management facilitated by the presence of CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs. The B20 blend with CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs at a 100-ppm concentration demonstrated superior performance metrics at maximum load, as evidenced by a 1.57% increase in BTE, a 2.83% rise in cylinder pressure, and a 5.95% increase in NHR compared to conventional diesel. A significant reduction in pollutant emissions, such as carbon monoxide, decreased by 66.67%, hydrocarbons by 13.51%, and nitrogen oxides by 6.04% relative to the B20 blend. The validation of experimental data using a random forest regressor model demonstrates strong predictive accuracy, characterized by low mean squared errors and high R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    scores across various performance metrics. Overall, the findings of this work confirm that the B20 blend with CeO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    NPs is a sustainable and efficient replacement for traditional diesel fuel.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28932-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T15:25:03Z","timestamp":1765639503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Experimental investigation and AI-based prediction of engine performance and emissions using CeO2-enhanced biodiesel blends"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ganesh","family":"K","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D K","family":"Ramesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapilan","family":"Natesan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norkhairunnisa","family":"Mazlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadashiva","family":"Prabhu S","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"28932_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Subramaniam, M., Solomon, J. 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