{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T14:01:33Z","timestamp":1793196093996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62563030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62563030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20242BAB25049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242BAB25049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28989-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T15:25:09Z","timestamp":1764257109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Optimized YOLOv8s framework with deformable convolution for underwater object detection"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yizhou","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"28989_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2023.3344154","volume":"49","author":"YT Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng, Y. T., Lin, Y. C., Peng, W. Y. & Liu, C. Blurriness-Guided underwater salient object detection and data augmentation. IEEE J. Ocean. Eng. 49, 1089\u20131103 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"28989_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7327","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91839-7","volume":"15","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, X., Luo, Z., Huang, W., Zhang, Y. & Hu, R. Optimized UNet framework with a joint loss function for underwater image enhancement. Sci. Rep. 15, 7327 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"24","key":"28989_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8013","DOI":"10.3390\/s24248013","volume":"24","author":"S Umirzakova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Umirzakova, S., Muksimova, S., Mardieva, S., Sultanov Baxtiyarovich, M. & Cho, Y. I. MIRA-CAP: Memory-Integrated Retrieval-Augmented captioning for State-of-the-Art image and video captioning. Sensors 24 (24), 8013 (2024).","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"28989_CR4","first-page":"6010905","volume":"22","author":"X Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, X., Jiang, Y., Zhang, Z. & ORENet Oriented rotation equivariant network for remote sensing object detection. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 22, 6010905 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"28989_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W. et al. SSD: Single Shot Multibox Detector. In Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). 21\u201337 (2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46448-0_2"},{"key":"28989_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J., Divvala, S., Girshick, R. & Farhadi, A. You only look once: Unified, real-time object detection. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 779\u2013788 (2016).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.91"},{"key":"28989_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carion, N. et al. End-to-end object detection with transformers. In Proceedings of European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). 213\u2013229 (2020).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-58452-8_13"},{"key":"28989_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2023.3335410","volume":"46","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, F. et al. DN-DETR: accelerate DETR training byintroducing query denoising. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 46, 2239\u20132251 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"28989_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, C. et al. MS-DETR: Efficient DETR training with mixed supervision. In Proceedings of IEEE\/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 17027\u201317036 (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52733.2024.01611"},{"key":"28989_CR10","first-page":"1502205","volume":"22","author":"A Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li., A., Hamzah, R. & Guo, Y. Underwater sonar image targets detection basedon improved RT-DETR. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett. 22, 1502205 (2025).","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"28989_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zuo, G., Li, K. & Shi, A. Water conservancy remote sensing image classification based on target-scene deep semantic enhancement. In Proceedings of International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks (ICANN). 233\u2013245 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-44213-1_20"},{"key":"28989_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanekar, A., Praveen Babu Mannam, D. & Rajalakshmi, P. N., Novel approach to underwater object detection using sonar sensors for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). In Proceedings of International Conference on Sustainable Technology and Engineering (i-COSTE). 1\u20135 (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/i-COSTE60462.2023.10500768"},{"key":"28989_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yang, J., Ruan, P. & Wang, P. An improved unsupervised color correction algorithm for underwater image. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). 1215\u20131220 (2021).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIEA51954.2021.9516076"},{"key":"28989_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baatar, G., Ritzau, L., Karimanzira, D. & Rauschenbach, T. Enhanced underwater object detection in sonar images with range-setting embedding and sliding window preprocessing. In Proceedings of OCEANS. 1\u20137 (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/OCEANS55160.2024.10754547"},{"key":"28989_CR15","first-page":"6007305","volume":"20","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, Z., Jing, S. & Zhou, H. Attention-aware three-branch network for salient object detection in remote sensing images. IEEE Geosci. Remote S. 20, 6007305 (2023).","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote S"},{"key":"28989_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijayalakshmi, P., Seetharaman, M. & Praveen, E. Underwater image enhancement and object recognition using CNN algorithm. In Proceedings of International Conference on Smart Technologies for Sustainable Development Goals (ICSTSDG). 1\u20136 (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSTSDG61998.2024.11026480"},{"key":"28989_CR17","first-page":"1033","volume":"34","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, X., Xu, M., Xiao, J. & Xu, L. Water body extraction from high resolution remote sensing images based on fused visual word bags. J. Sys Sim. 34, 1033\u20131043 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sys Sim"},{"key":"28989_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R., Donahue, J., Darrell, T. & Malik, J. Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 580\u2013587 (2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2014.81"},{"key":"28989_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Girshick, R. & Fast, R-C-N-N. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (CVPR). 1440\u20131448 (2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.169"},{"key":"28989_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2016.2577031","volume":"39","author":"S Ren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ren, S., He, K., Girshick, R., Sun, J. & Faster, R-C-N-N. Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 39, 1137\u20131149 (2017).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"28989_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., Bochkovskiy, A. & Liao, H. Y. M.YOLOv7: Trainable Bag-of-Freebies Sets New State-of-the-Art for Real-Time Object Detectors. arXiv:2207.02696v1 (2022).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR52729.2023.00721"},{"key":"28989_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Redmon, J. & Farhadi, A. YOLO9000: Better, faster, stronger. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 6517\u20136525 (2017).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2017.690"},{"key":"28989_CR23","unstructured":"Bochkovskiy, A., Wang, C. & Liao, H. YOLOv4: Optimal speed and accuracy of object detection. arXiv: 2004.10934 (2020)."},{"key":"28989_CR24","unstructured":"Li, C. et al. YOLOv6: A single-stage object detection framework for industrial applications. arXiv:2209.02976 (2022)."},{"key":"28989_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiruthuka, D. C., Blessy, M. P., Premalatha, M. & Pooja, S. Single shot detector based MobileNet for automatic detection and recognition of license plates. In Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Modern Age Technologies for Health and Engineering Science (AMATHE). 1\u20136 (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/AMATHE61652.2024.10582122"},{"key":"28989_CR26","unstructured":"Redmon, J. & Farhadi, A. YOLOv3: An Incremental Improvement. arXiv:1804.02767 (2018)."},{"key":"28989_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, J. et al. YOLOv5 with dual attention network for object detection on drone. In Proceedings of International Workshop on Intelligent Systems (IWIS). 1\u20136 (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/IWIS58789.2023.10284592"},{"key":"28989_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varghese, R. & Sambath, M. YOLOv8: A novel object detection algorithm with enhanced performance and robustness. In Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Data Engineering and Intelligent Computing Systems (ADICS). 1\u20136  (2024).","DOI":"10.1109\/ADICS58448.2024.10533619"},{"key":"28989_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2024.2424503","volume":"15","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zeng, Z. & Li, L. D. E. S. T. Difference enhanced-Swin transformer for remote sensing change detection. Remote Sens. Lett. 15, 1229\u20131238 (2024).","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"28989_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al. Path aggregation network for instance segmentation. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 8759\u20138768 (2018).","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2018.00913"},{"key":"28989_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J. et al. Content-aware reassembly of features. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 3007\u20133016 (2019).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00310"},{"key":"28989_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, D. et al. Efficient multi-scale attention module with cross-spatial learning. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). 1\u20135 (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICASSP49357.2023.10096516"},{"key":"28989_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutter, G., Stierhoff, K. & Zeng, J. Automated detection of rockfish in unconstrained underwater videos using haar cascades and a new image dataset: Labeled fishes in the wild. In Proceedings of IEEE Winter Applications and Computer Vision Workshops. 57\u201362 (2015).","DOI":"10.1109\/WACVW.2015.11"},{"key":"28989_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263-020-01316-z","volume":"128","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kuznetsova, A. et al. The open images dataset v4: unified image classification, object detection, and visual relationship detection at scale. Int. J. Comput. Vis. 128, 1956\u20131981 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"28989_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3044655","volume":"59","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wang, S., Ning, C. & Zhou, H. Enhanced feature pyramid network with deep semantic embedding for remote sensing scene classification. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 59, 7918\u20137932 (2021).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"28989_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2023.3318629","volume":"73","author":"S Fayaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fayaz, S. et al. Intelligent underwater object detection and image restoration for autonomous underwater vehicles. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 73, 1726\u20131735 (2024).","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"28989_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108734","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2023.108734","volume":"108","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X., Jing, S., Dai, H. & Shi, A. High-resolution remote sensing images semantic segmentation using improved UNet and SegNet. Comput. Electr. Eng. 108, 108734 (2023).","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"28989_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaukat, M. S., Bader, S. & Kirste, T. Towards model-based 3D underwater object detection and pose estimation for sonar data. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Marine Artificial Intelligence and Law (ICMAIL). 70\u201374 (2023).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMAIL59311.2023.10347505"},{"key":"28989_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aravind, V. L. & Bagyalakshmi, C. Underwater image enhancement using Gaussian smoothing and edge detection. In Proceedings of International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT). 863\u2013868 (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICT64420.2025.11005112"},{"key":"28989_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"046508","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JRS.17.046508","volume":"17","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, X., Li, Y., Shi, A. & Zhou, H. Multi-attention aggregation network for remote sensing scene classification. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 17, 046508 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Remote Sens."},{"key":"28989_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samanta, S., Malik, P. & Samanta, P. K. Underwater object detection using deep learning techniques. In Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Advanced Computing and Communication (ISACC). 1090\u20131094 (2025).","DOI":"10.1109\/ISACC65211.2025.10969360"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28989-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28989-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28989-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T19:03:57Z","timestamp":1777403037000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-28989-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["28989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-28989-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45446"}}