{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T17:55:30Z","timestamp":1790272530632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005713","name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Despite some impressive examples of Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) characterizing the internal structure of historical monuments, ERT is rarely considered a primary method for this purpose because it is challenging to adjust measurement procedures and inversion techniques for such intricate objects. In this study, ERT was first applied in the Great Pyramid of Giza to detect the presence of the ScanPyramids North Face Corridor (SP-NFC). The ERT measurement technique and data analysis procedure were adapted for this case, which was characterized by complex surface topography and limited space for placing ERT lines. A 3D CAD model of the Chevron area was designed for inversion based on a 3D point cloud. The inversion results show the existence of the SP-NFC, with average dimensions of approximately 2.5\u00a0m by 2.5\u00a0m, starting at a depth of around 1\u00a0m and extending at least 2\u00a0m into the pyramid. The ERT study thus provided volumetric data confirming both the size and extent of the SP-NFC, complementing the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and ultrasound tomography (UST) studies conducted simultaneously in the Chevron area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29081-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T09:20:28Z","timestamp":1763716828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Investigation of the North Face Corridor in the Great Pyramid of Giza using Electrical Resistivity Tomography"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Polina","family":"Pugacheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussien","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Fath-Elbab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Sholqamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Taie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Popovych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Elkarmoty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Klitzsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Tayoubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hany","family":"Helal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian U.","family":"Grosse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"29081_CR1","unstructured":"HIP. ScanPyramids 2017 Video Report. https:\/\/vimeo.com\/243085434 (Accessed 8 June 2025) (2017)."},{"issue":"7685","key":"29081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24647","volume":"552","author":"K Morishima","year":"2017","unstructured":"Morishima, K. et al. Discovery of a big void in Khufu\u2019s Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. Nature 552(7685), 386\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature24647 (2017).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3919","key":"29081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1126\/science.167.3919.832","volume":"167","author":"LW Alvarez","year":"1970","unstructured":"Alvarez, L. W. et al. Search for hidden chambers in the pyramids: the structure of the second pyramid of Giza is determined by cosmic-ray absorption. Science 167(3919), 832\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.167.3919.832 (1970).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"29081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2017.08.004","volume":"878","author":"S Procureur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Procureur, S. Muon imaging: Principles, technologies and applications. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A. 878, 169\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nima.2017.08.004 (2018).","journal-title":"Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A"},{"issue":"1","key":"29081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36351-0","volume":"14","author":"S Procureur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Procureur, S. et al. Precise characterization of a corridor-shaped structure in Khufu\u2019s Pyramid by observation of cosmic-ray muons. Nat. Commun. 14(1), 1144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-36351-0 (2023).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"29081_CR6","unstructured":"Brier, B. & Houdin, J. P. The Secret of the Great Pyramid: How One Man\u2019s Obsession Led to the Solution of Ancient Egypt\u2019s Greatest Mystery (Smithsonian Books, 2008)."},{"key":"29081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ndteint.2023.102809","volume":"139","author":"M Elkarmoty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elkarmoty, M. et al. Localization and shape determination of a hidden corridor in the Great Pyramid of Giza using non-destructive testing. NDT E Int. 139, 102809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ndteint.2023.102809 (2023).","journal-title":"NDT E Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"29081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91115-8","volume":"15","author":"T Schumacher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schumacher, T. et al. Confirmation of the scanpyramids north face corridor in the Great Pyramid of Giza using multi-modal image fusion from three non-destructive testing techniques. Sci. Rep. 15(1), 9275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-91115-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"29081_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2006012","volume":"4","author":"E Cardarelli","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cardarelli, E., Di Filippo, G. & Tuccinardi, E. Electrical resistivity tomography to detect buried cavities in Rome: a case study. Near Surf. Geophys. 4(6), 387\u2013392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3997\/1873-0604.2006012 (2006).","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"issue":"2","key":"29081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2478\/v10126-012-0018-3","volume":"42","author":"R Puti\u0161ka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Puti\u0161ka, R., Nikolaj, M., Dost\u00e1l, I. & Ku\u0161nir\u00e1k, D. Determination of cavities using electrical resistivity tomography. Contrib. Geophys. Geodesy. 42(2), 201\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/v10126-012-0018-3 (2012).","journal-title":"Contrib. Geophys. Geodesy"},{"key":"29081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martorana, R. & Capizzi, P. Evaluation of artifacts and misinterpretation in 2D electrical resistivity tomography caused by three-dimensional resistive structures of regular or irregular shapes. Appl. Sci. 13(3), 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app13032015 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/app13032015"},{"key":"29081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2024.107711","volume":"341","author":"M Rahimi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rahimi, M., Wood, C. M. & Kallivokas, L. F. A comparative study of using geophysical methods for imaging subsurface voids of various sizes and at different depths. Eng. Geol. 341, 107711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enggeo.2024.107711 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"29081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2024.109332","volume":"462","author":"B Funk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Funk, B., Flores-Orozco, A. & Steiner, M. Possibilities and limitations of cave detection with ERT. Geomorphology 462, 109332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2024.109332 (2024).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"issue":"9","key":"29081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences15090349","volume":"15","author":"S Negri","year":"2025","unstructured":"Negri, S. & Barbolla, D. F. Challenges in the detection of water-filled cavities in karst environments using electrical resistivity tomography. Geosciences 15(9), 349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/geosciences15090349 (2025).","journal-title":"Geosciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"29081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2007008","volume":"5","author":"EN Athanasiou","year":"2007","unstructured":"Athanasiou, E. N., Tsourlos, P. I., Vargemezis, G. N., Papazachos, C. B. & Tsokas, G. N. Non-destructive DC resistivity surveying using flat\u2010base electrodes. Near Surf. Geophys. 5(4), 263\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3997\/1873-0604.2007008 (2007).","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"29081_CR16","unstructured":"Moussa, A. H., Dolphin, L. T. & Mokhtar, G. Applications of modern sensing techniques to Egyptology. Report of the 1977 field experiments.  https:\/\/www.ldolphin.org\/egypt\/egypt2\/index.html (Accessed 4 June 2025) (SRI International, Radio Physics Laboratory, 1977)."},{"issue":"21","key":"29081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3040","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.7719","volume":"24","author":"L Zouhri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zouhri, L. & Lutz, P. A comparison of peak and plate electrodes in electrical resistivity tomography: application to the Chalky groundwater of the Beauvais aquifer (northern part of the Paris basin, France). Hydrol. Process. 24(21), 3040\u20133052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hyp.7719 (2010).","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"29081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jas.2017.12.006","volume":"90","author":"A Tejero-Andrade","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tejero-Andrade, A. et al. Illuminating\u2019the interior of Kukulkan\u2019s Pyramid, Chich\u00e9n Itz\u00e1, Mexico, by means of a non-conventional ERT geophysical survey. J. Archaeol. Sci. 90, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2017.12.006 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Archaeol. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"29081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33888-9","volume":"8","author":"RE Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ch\u00e1vez, R. E., Tejero-Andrade, A., Cifuentes, G., Argote-Espino, D. L. & Hern\u00e1ndez-Quintero, E. Karst detection beneath the pyramid of El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, by non-invasive ERT-3D methods. Sci. Rep. 8(1), 15391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-33888-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"29081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"WA169","DOI":"10.1190\/geo2015-0148.1","volume":"81","author":"S Toma\u0161kovi\u010dov\u00e1","year":"2016","unstructured":"Toma\u0161kovi\u010dov\u00e1, S. et al. Effect of electrode shape on grounding resistances\u2014Part 2: experimental results and cryospheric monitoring. Geophysics 81(1), WA169\u2013WA182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/geo2015-0148.1 (2016).","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"29081_CR21","unstructured":"Girardeau, C., Verdel, T. & Monnier, F. Numerical modelling and mechanical behaviour analysis of gable vaults in pharaonic construction. J. Ancient Egypt. Architect. 65."},{"key":"29081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loke, M. H. Tutorial: 2-D and 3-D electrical imaging surveys. (2004).","DOI":"10.1071\/ASEG2004ab091"},{"issue":"3","key":"29081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-246x.1998.00592.x","volume":"134","author":"K Spitzer","year":"1998","unstructured":"Spitzer, K. The three-dimensional DC sensitivity for surface and subsurface sources. Geophys. J. Int. 134(3), 736\u2013746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-246x.1998.00592.x (1998).","journal-title":"Geophys. J. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"29081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3997\/1873-0604.2011024","volume":"9","author":"C Orfanos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Orfanos, C. & Apostolopoulos, G. 2D-3D resistivity and microgravity measurements for the detection of an ancient tunnel in the Lavrion area, Greece. Near Surf. Geophys. 9(5), 449\u2013457. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3997\/1873-0604.2011024 (2011).","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"key":"29081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sj\u00f6dahl, P., Dahlin, T. & Zhou, B. 2.5 D resistivity modeling of embankment dams to assess influence from geometry and material properties. Geophysics 71(3), G107\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/1.2198217 (2006).","DOI":"10.1190\/1.2198217"},{"issue":"1","key":"29081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/nsg.12234","volume":"21","author":"J Ball","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ball, J., Chambers, J., Wilkinson, P. & Binley, A. Resistivity imaging of river embankments: 3D effects due to varying water levels in tidal rivers. Near Surf. Geophys. 21(1), 93\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nsg.12234 (2023).","journal-title":"Near Surf. Geophys."},{"issue":"3","key":"29081_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1759453","volume":"69","author":"LR Bentley","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bentley, L. R. & Gharibi, M. Two-and three-dimensional electrical resistivity imaging at a heterogeneous remediation site. Geophysics 69(3), 674\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/1.1759453 (2004).","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"29081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2013.11.003","volume":"101","author":"P Tsourlos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsourlos, P., Papadopoulos, N., Yi, M. J., Kim, J. H. & Tsokas, G. Comparison of measuring strategies for the 3-D electrical resistivity imaging of tumuli. J. Appl. Geophys. 101, 77\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jappgeo.2013.11.003 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Geophys."},{"issue":"7","key":"29081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.3390\/app11073143","volume":"11","author":"YG Doyoro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Doyoro, Y. G., Chang, P. Y. & Puntu, J. M. Uncertainty of the 2D resistivity survey on the subsurface cavities. Appl. Sci. 11(7), 3143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app11073143 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"29081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440762","volume":"42","author":"LS Edwards","year":"1977","unstructured":"Edwards, L. S. A modified pseudosection for resistivity and IP. Geophysics 42(5), 1020\u20131036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/1.1440762 (1977).","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"issue":"11","key":"29081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1002\/nme.2579","volume":"79","author":"C Geuzaine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Geuzaine, C. & Remacle, J. F. Gmsh: A 3-D finite element mesh generator with built\u2010in pre\u2010and post\u2010processing facilities. Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., 79(11), 1309\u20131331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nme.2579 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng."},{"key":"29081_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00fccker, C. & G\u00fcnther, T. The simulation of finite ERT electrodes using the complete electrode model. Geophysics 76(4),  F227\u2013F238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1190\/1.3581356 (2011).","DOI":"10.1190\/1.3581356"},{"key":"29081_CR33","unstructured":"G\u00fcnther, T. & R\u00fccker, C. Boundless Electrical Resistivity Tomography BERT 2\u2013The User Tutorial. http:\/\/www.resistivity.net (Accessed 8 June 2025) (2015)."},{"key":"29081_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2017.07.011","volume":"109","author":"C R\u00fccker","year":"2017","unstructured":"R\u00fccker, C., G\u00fcnther, T. & Wagner, F. M. PyGIMLi: an open-source library for modelling and inversion in geophysics. Comput. Geosci. 109, 106\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cageo.2017.07.011 (2017).","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"29081_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50038","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012387582-2\/50038-1","volume":"717","author":"J Ahrens","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ahrens, J., Geveci, B., Law, C., Hansen, C. & Johnson, C. 36-paraview: an end-user tool for large-data visualization. Visualization Handb. 717, 50038\u201350031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-012387582-2\/50038-1 (2005).","journal-title":"Visualization Handb."},{"key":"29081_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hemeda, S. & Sonbol, A. Sustainability problems of the Giza pyramids. Herit. Sci. 8(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40494-020-0356-9 (2020).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494-020-0356-9"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29081-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29081-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29081-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T22:02:30Z","timestamp":1763762550000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29081-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-29081-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"41187"}}