{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T20:51:14Z","timestamp":1784753474382,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; European Regional Development Fund","award":["PI19\/00936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00936"]}]},{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; Instituto de Salud Carlos III; European Regional Development Fund","award":["PI19\/00936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI19\/00936"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008666","name":"Fundaci\u00f3 la Marat\u00f3 de TV3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202301-10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202301-10"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008666","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29495-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T18:03:34Z","timestamp":1763921014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Performance and clinical relevance of continuous glucose monitoring during early brain injury in subarachnoid hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Santana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Mosteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leire","family":"Pedrosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Pujol-Fontrodona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Zattera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariano","family":"Werner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Llull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Torn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Amaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"29495_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000090466.68866.02","volume":"61","author":"SM Dorhout Mees","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dorhout Mees, S. M., Van Dijk, G. W., Algra, A., Kempink, D. R. J. & Rinkel, G. J. E. Glucose levels and outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 61, 1132\u20131133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000090466.68866.02 (2003).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"29495_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5","volume":"373","author":"KM Dungan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dungan, K. M., Braithwaite, S. S. & Preiser, J-C. Stress hyperglycaemia. Lancet 373, 1798\u20131807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5 (2009).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"29495_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e424","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.529974","volume":"40","author":"ND Kruyt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kruyt, N. D. et al. Hyperglycemia and clinical outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A Meta-Analysis. Stroke 40, e424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.529974 (2009).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"29495_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001823","volume":"90","author":"ME Eagles","year":"2022","unstructured":"Eagles, M. E. et al. Optimal glucose target after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A matched cohort study. Neurosurgery 90, 340\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001823 (2022).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"29495_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977307","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.977307","volume":"13","author":"D Santana","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santana, D. et al. Clinical relevance of glucose metrics during the early brain injury period after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an opportunity for continuous glucose monitoring. Front. Neurol. 13, 977307. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2022.977307 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"29495_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9311-z","volume":"12","author":"AM Naidech","year":"2010","unstructured":"Naidech, A. M. et al. Moderate hypoglycemia is associated with Vasospasm, cerebral Infarction, and 3-Month disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 12, 181\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-009-9311-z (2010).","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"29495_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678998","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.678998","volume":"12","author":"D Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, D., Tang, Y. & Zhang, Q. Admission hyperglycemia predicts Long-Term mortality in critically ill patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: A retrospective analysis of the MIMIC-III database. Front. Neurol. 12, 678998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2021.678998 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"29495_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa011300","volume":"345","author":"G Van Den Berghe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van Den Berghe, G. et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl. J. Med. 345, 1359\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa011300 (2001).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"29495_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0810625","volume":"360","author":"S Finfer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Finfer, S. et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl. J. Med. 360, 1283\u20131297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa0810625 (2009).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"29495_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.535534","volume":"40","author":"JGS Latorre","year":"2009","unstructured":"Latorre, J. G. S. et al. Effective glycemic control with aggressive hyperglycemia management is associated with improved outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 40, 1644\u20131652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.535534 (2009).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"29495_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241241994","volume":"19","author":"S Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu, S. et al. Safety and efficacy of tight versus loose glycemic control in acute stroke patients: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int. J. Stroke SAGE Publications. 19, 727\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930241241994 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke SAGE Publications"},{"key":"29495_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1159\/000346087","volume":"35","author":"T Steiner","year":"2013","unstructured":"Steiner, T. et al. European stroke organization guidelines for the management of intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid haemorrhage. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 35, 93\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000346087 (2013).","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"29495_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e314","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000436","volume":"54","author":"BL Hoh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hoh, B. L. et al. 2023 guideline for the management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A guideline from the American heart association\/American stroke association. Stroke 54, e314\u2013e370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STR.0000000000000436 (2023).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"29495_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01713-5","volume":"39","author":"MM Treggiari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Treggiari, M. M. et al. Guidelines for the neurocritical care management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 39, 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-023-01713-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"29495_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1396","volume":"62","author":"FJ Service","year":"2013","unstructured":"Service, F. J. & Glucose Variability Diabetes ;62:1398\u20131404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db12-1396 (2013).","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"29495_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R203","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11812","volume":"16","author":"AH Kramer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kramer, A. H., Roberts, D. J. & Zygun, D. A. Optimal glycemic control in neurocritical care patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Care. 16, R203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc11812 (2012).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"29495_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.12.012","volume":"28","author":"JF Barletta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barletta, J. F., Figueroa, B. E., DeShane, R., Blau, S. A. & McAllen, K. J. High glucose variability increases cerebral infarction in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Crit. Care. 28, 798\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.12.012 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"29495_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1186\/cc13857","volume":"18","author":"P Kurtz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kurtz, P. et al. Systemic glucose variability predicts cerebral metabolic distress and mortality after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a retrospective observational study. Crit. Care. 18, R89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/cc13857 (2014).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"29495_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066616669328","volume":"33","author":"T Okazaki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Okazaki, T. et al. Blood glucose variability: A strong independent predictor of neurological outcomes in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Intensive Care Med. 33, 189\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0885066616669328 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"29495_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108502","volume":"170","author":"RJ Galindo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galindo, R. J. & Aleppo, G. Continuous glucose monitoring: the achievement of 100 years of innovation in diabetes technology. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 170, 108502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108502 (2020).","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"29495_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.201","volume":"36","author":"MC Perez-Guzman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perez-Guzman, M. C., Shang, T., Zhang, J. Y., Jornsay, D. & Klonoff, D. C. Continuous glucose monitoring in the hospital. Endocrinol. Metab. 36, 240\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2021.201 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"29495_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820954163","volume":"14","author":"RJ Galindo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galindo, R. J. et al. Continuous glucose monitors and automated insulin dosing systems in the hospital consensus guideline. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 14, 1035\u20131064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1932296820954163 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"29495_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv180","volume":"138","author":"TT Kummer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kummer, T. T. et al. Experimental subarachnoid haemorrhage results in multifocal axonal injury. Brain 138, 2608\u20132618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awv180 (2015).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"29495_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010351","volume":"46","author":"Y Egashira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Egashira, Y., Zhao, H., Hua, Y., Keep, R. F. & Xi, G. White matter injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of Blood\u2013Brain barrier disruption and matrix Metalloproteinase-9. Stroke 46, 2909\u20132915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.010351 (2015).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"29495_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00710-x","volume":"31","author":"JR Geraghty","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geraghty, J. R., Davis, J. L. & Testai, F. D. Neuroinflammation and microvascular dysfunction after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage: emerging components of early brain injury related to outcome. Neurocrit Care. 31, 373\u2013389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00710-x (2019).","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"29495_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040072","volume":"54","author":"DC Lauzier","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lauzier, D. C. et al. Early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage: incidence and mechanisms. Stroke 54, 1426\u20131440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040072 (2023).","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"29495_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.07.009","volume":"83","author":"Y-H Huang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huang, Y-H. et al. Impact of hyperglycemia on neuronal apoptosis after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rodent brain: an experimental research. Int. J. Surg. 83, 246\u2013252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.07.009 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"29495_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx016","volume":"80","author":"Y-H Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, Y-H. et al. Hyperglycemia aggravates cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage in a rat model. Neurosurgery 80, 809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyx016 (2017).","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"29495_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X231197946","volume":"44","author":"A Joya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joya, A. et al. Multimodal imaging of the role of hyperglycemia following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 44, 726\u2013741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0271678X231197946 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"29495_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04347-6","author":"D Santana","year":"2024","unstructured":"Santana, D. et al. Neuroaxonal injury May mediate the association between hyperglycemia and prognosis in spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Mol. Neurobiol. [Internet]. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12035-024-04347-6 (2024). [cited 2024 Nov 5].","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol. [Internet]"},{"key":"29495_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.085175","volume":"77","author":"A Petzold","year":"2006","unstructured":"Petzold, A., Keir, G., Kay, A., Kerr, M. & Thompson, E. J. Axonal damage and outcome in subarachnoid haemorrhage. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 77, 753\u2013759. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2005.085175 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"29495_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.177667","volume":"82","author":"ER Zanier","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zanier, E. R. et al. Neurofilament light chain levels in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid after acute aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 82, 157\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2009.177667 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"29495_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00761-4","volume":"11","author":"CVB Hviid","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hviid, C. V. B. et al. Plasma neurofilament light chain is associated with poor functional outcome and mortality rate after spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res. 11, 671\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-019-00761-4 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res."},{"key":"29495_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awaa451","volume":"144","author":"P Garland","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garland, P. et al. Neurofilament light predicts neurological outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Brain 144, 761\u2013768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awaa451 (2021).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"29495_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820958754","volume":"16","author":"S Alva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alva, S. et al. Accuracy of a 14-Day Factory-Calibrated continuous glucose monitoring system with advanced algorithm in pediatric and adult population with diabetes. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 16, 70\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1932296820958754 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"29495_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00319-9","volume":"11","author":"T Battelino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Battelino, T. et al. Continuous glucose monitoring and metrics for clinical trials: an international consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 11, 42\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00319-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"29495_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0534","author":"J Chrzanowski","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chrzanowski, J. et al. GlyCulator 3.0: A Fast, Easy-to-Use Analytical Tool for CGM Data Analysis, Aggregation, Center Benchmarking, and Data Sharing. Diabetes Care ;46:e3\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-0534 (2023)."},{"key":"29495_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101067","volume":"48","author":"Y Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, Y. et al. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring-guided glucose management in inpatients with diabetes receiving short-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a randomized clinical trial. Lancet Reg. Health - Western Pac. 48, 101067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2024.101067 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health - Western Pac."},{"key":"29495_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-014-0453-9","volume":"18","author":"DT Boom","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boom, D. T. et al. Insulin treatment guided by subcutaneous continuous glucose monitoring compared to frequent point-of-care measurement in critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial. Crit. Care. 18, 453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-014-0453-9 (2014).","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"29495_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0089","volume":"46","author":"E Finn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Finn, E., Schlichting, L., Grau, L., Douglas, I. S. & Pereira, R. I. Real-world accuracy of CGM in inpatient critical and noncritical care settings at a Safety-Net hospital. Diabetes Care. 46, 1825\u20131830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc23-0089 (2023).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"29495_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00906-1","volume":"33","author":"O Sadan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sadan, O. et al. Glucose variability as measured by Inter-measurement percentage change is predictive of In-patient mortality in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 33, 458\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00906-1 (2020).","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"29495_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-009-9327-4","volume":"12","author":"R Helbok","year":"2010","unstructured":"Helbok, R. et al. Systemic glucose and brain energy metabolism after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 12, 317\u2013323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-009-9327-4 (2010).","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"29495_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175628642110458","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211045876","volume":"14","author":"L Palaiodimou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palaiodimou, L. et al. Glycemic variability of acute stroke patients and clinical outcomes: a continuous glucose monitoring study. Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord. 14, 17562864211045876. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562864211045876 (2021).","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord"},{"key":"29495_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z","volume":"14","author":"M Khalil","year":"2018","unstructured":"Khalil, M. et al. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 14, 577\u2013589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-018-0058-z (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"29495_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320106","volume":"90","author":"L Gaetani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gaetani, L. et al. Neurofilament light chain as a biomarker in neurological disorders. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry BMJ Publishing Group. Ltd. 90, 870\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320106 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry BMJ Publishing Group. Ltd."},{"key":"29495_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-00955-x","volume":"20","author":"M Khalil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khalil, M. et al. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders \u2014 towards clinical application. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 20, 269\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-024-00955-x (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29495-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29495-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29495-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T13:05:29Z","timestamp":1777122329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29495-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29495"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-29495-0","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.2337\/dc22-0534","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the local Clinical Research Ethics Committee from Hospital Cl\u00ednic of Barcelona (HCB2020\/1498). We adhered to the national legislation of biomedical research, the protection of personal data (15\/1999), the standards of Good Clinical Practice and the Helsinki Declaration (1975 and 1983 revisions). Patients or a legal proxy gave written informed consent prior to inclusion in the study. This manuscript has not been published elsewhere nor is under consideration for another journal.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics declarations"}},{"value":"We adhered to the STROBE checklist for observational cohort studies to collect and report data needed to perform our study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Reporting checklist statement"}}],"article-number":"45206"}}