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Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-13170-8 (2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13170-8"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29778-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29778-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29778-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T08:54:53Z","timestamp":1770108893000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29778-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-29778-6","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7620506\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Gombe State Environmental Protection Agency (GOSEPA), Nigeria. The ethical approval reference number is\n                      ES\/GOSEPA\/ADM\/S\/38\/V.I\n                      . All procedures involving environmental sampling were conducted in accordance with national and international guidelines for environmental health research. Although no human participants or biological tissues were directly involved in the study, verbal informed consent was obtained from the heads of households before wastewater sample collection. Participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and their voluntary participation was respected. The need for written consent was waived by the ethics committee due to the non-invasive nature of environmental sampling and absence of identifiable human data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain data from any individual person, including individual details, images, or videos.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"4535"}}