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However, its clinical utility is often hindered by insufficient vascularization. This study evaluated the vascularization potential of three hydrogels; human collagen type I, human fibrin, and alginate implanted subcutaneously in Sprague-Dawley rats. Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLG) scaffolds used as positive controls for foreign body response. Sequential injections were performed at 1, 2, and 4 weeks, and tissues were retrieved for histopathological examination. Human collagen type I and fibrin induced robust neovascularization compared to controls, with peak vessel density at week 1 (2.79-fold and 3.18-fold;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and sustained increases through week 4 (1.94-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively). No significant differences were observed between human collagen type I and fibrin at any time point. Both biomaterials were well tolerated without evident of fibrosis or foreign body reaction. Alginate produced the strongest early angiogenic effect (3.96-fold at week 1;\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) but was associated with marked inflammation and fibrosis by week 4. PLG scaffolds induced modest vascularization but consistently provoked inflammatory reactions and fibrosis. Human-derived hydrogels thus combine rapid and durable vascularization with excellent biocompatibility, providing a minimally invasive strategy to enhance subcutaneous cell transplantation outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29873-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]],"date-time":"2025-12-20T11:18:40Z","timestamp":1766229520000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Creation of a rich vascular subcutaneous space for cell transplantation via injectable biological hydrogels"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Samy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghada A.","family":"El-Sherbeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry M.","family":"Khater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haytham G.","family":"Aamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Abdelhameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6960-2881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman F.","family":"Refaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"29873_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0049","DOI":"10.5041\/RMMJ.10049","volume":"2","author":"R Beyar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Beyar, R. 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