{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T05:27:54Z","timestamp":1794288474812,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-29906-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T04:05:50Z","timestamp":1766549150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rational design and in silico characterization of a multiepitope mRNA vaccine candidate against human metapneumovirus (hMPV) using reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Asrar","family":"Izhari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R. A.","family":"Gosady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wael A.","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansour A. A.","family":"Hadadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad H. A.","family":"Almontasheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daifallah M. M.","family":"Dardari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad A.","family":"Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Foton E.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"29906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.03.1394","volume":"25","author":"S Panda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Panda, S., Mohakud, N. K., Pena, L. & Kumar, S. Human metapneumovirus: review of an important respiratory pathogen. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 25, 45\u201352 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"29906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.05.004","volume":"87","author":"M Pi\u00f1ana","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pi\u00f1ana, M. et al. The emergence, impact, and evolution of human metapneumovirus variants from 2014 to 2021 in Spain. J. Infect. 87 (2), 103\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.05.004 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481602300416","volume":"23","author":"S Samuel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Samuel, S., Nanjappa, S., Cooper, C. D. & Greene, J. N. Human metapneumovirus infection in immunocompromised patients. Cancer Control. 23 (4), 442\u2013445 (2016).","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"29906_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100486","volume":"14","author":"N Devanathan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Devanathan, N. et al. Emerging lineages A2.2.1 and A2.2.2 of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in pediatric respiratory infections: insights from India. IJID Reg. 14, 100486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijregi.2024.100486 (2025).","journal-title":"IJID Reg."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13010073","volume":"13","author":"RC Costa-Filho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Costa-Filho, R. C., Saddy, F., Costa, J. L. F., Tavares, L. R. & Castro Faria Neto, H. C. The silent threat of human metapneumovirus: clinical challenges and diagnostic insights from a severe pneumonia case. Microorganisms 13 (1), 73 (2025).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"23","key":"29906_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12877","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.23.12877-12887.2004","volume":"78","author":"S Biacchesi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Biacchesi, S. et al. Recombinant human metapneumovirus lacking the small hydrophobic SH and\/or attachment G glycoprotein: deletion of G yields a promising vaccine candidate. J. Virol. 78 (23), 12877\u201312887 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"6","key":"29906_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1038\/89098","volume":"7","author":"BG Van den Hoogen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van den Hoogen, B. G. et al. A newly discovered human Pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat. Med. 7 (6), 719\u2013724 (2001).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30393-4","volume":"9","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human metapneumovirus in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study. Lancet Global Health. 9 (1), e33\u2013e43 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040164","volume":"7","author":"J Dubois","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dubois, J. et al. Strain-dependent impact of G and SH deletions provide new insights for live-attenuated HMPV vaccine development. Vaccines 7 (4), 164 (2019).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28931-3","volume":"13","author":"CL Hsieh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsieh, C. L. et al. Structure-based design of prefusion-stabilized human metapneumovirus fusion proteins. Nat. Commun. 13 (1), 1299 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-50659-5","volume":"15","author":"MJ Bakkers","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakkers, M. J. et al. Efficacious human metapneumovirus vaccine based on AI-guided engineering of a closed prefusion trimer. Nat. Commun. 15 (1), 6270 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"29906_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2010.00575.x","volume":"13","author":"S Shahda","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shahda, S., Carlos, W., Kiel, P., Khan, B. & Hage, C. The human metapneumovirus: a case series and review of the literature. Transpl. Infect. Disease. 13 (3), 324\u2013328 (2011).","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2001.1355","volume":"295","author":"BG van den Hoogen","year":"2002","unstructured":"van den Hoogen, B. G., Bestebroer, T. M., Osterhaus, A. D. & Fouchier, R. A. Analysis of the genomic sequence of a human metapneumovirus. Virology 295 (1), 119\u2013132 (2002).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"29906_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.06.014","volume":"160","author":"R Piyaratna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Piyaratna, R., Tollefson, S. J. & Williams, J. V. Genomic analysis of four human metapneumovirus prototypes. Virus Res. 160 (1\u20132), 200\u2013205 (2011).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"29906_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060637","volume":"12","author":"CA Andrade","year":"2020","unstructured":"Andrade, C. A. et al. Innate immune components that regulate the pathogenesis and resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. Viruses 12 (6), 637 (2020).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.1700-1709.2006","volume":"80","author":"RL Wilson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wilson, R. L. et al. Function of small hydrophobic proteins of paramyxovirus. J. Virol. 80 (4), 1700\u20131709 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"29906_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941865","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.941865","volume":"13","author":"J Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, J., Miller, R. J. & Mousa, J. J. A Pan-Pneumovirus vaccine based on immunodominant epitopes of the fusion protein. Front. Immunol. 13, 941865 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.10.022","volume":"41","author":"S Herfst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Herfst, S. & Fouchier, R. A. Vaccination approaches to combat human metapneumovirus lower respiratory tract infections. J. Clin. Virol. 41 (1), 49\u201352 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"29906_CR19","unstructured":"Liu, L. Molecular biology of human metapneumovirus (HMPV) attachment protein. (2008)."},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","volume":"17","author":"N Pardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pardi, N., Hogan, M. J., Porter, F. W. & Weissman, D. mRNA vaccines\u2014a new era in vaccinology. Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery. 17 (4), 261\u2013279 (2018).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"key":"29906_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-021-00147-1","volume":"7","author":"KM Adam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adam, K. M. Immunoinformatics approach for multi-epitope vaccine design against structural proteins and ORF1a polyprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines. 7, 1\u201313 (2021).","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2020.09.005","volume":"44","author":"HX Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim, H. X., Lim, J., Jazayeri, S. D., Poppema, S. & Poh, C. L. Development of multi-epitope peptide-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Biomedical J. 44 (1), 18\u201330 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomedical J."},{"key":"29906_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Awasthi, A., Sharma, G. & Agrawal, P. Computational approaches for vaccine designing. In Bioinformatics; Elsevier: ; pp. 317\u2013335. (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-89775-4.00011-0"},{"issue":"D1","key":"29906_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D571","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1207","volume":"43","author":"JR Brister","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brister, J. R., Ako-adjei, D., Bao, Y. & Blinkova, O. N. C. B. I. Viral genomes resource. Nucleic Acids Res. 43 (D1), D571\u2013D577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gku1207 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"29906_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104712","volume":"89","author":"CF Rencilin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rencilin, C. F., Rosy, J. C., Mohan, M., Coico, R. & Sundar, K. Identification of SARS-CoV-2 CTL epitopes for development of a multivalent subunit vaccine for COVID-19. Infect. Genet. Evol. 89, 104712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2021.104712 (2021).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"issue":"11","key":"29906_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111785","volume":"10","author":"Z Salod","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salod, Z. & Mahomed, O. Mapping potential vaccine candidates predicted by VaxiJen for different viral pathogens between 2017\u20132021\u2014A scoping review. Vaccines 10 (11), 1785 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"issue":"5","key":"29906_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq003","volume":"26","author":"Y Huang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Niu, B., Gao, Y., Fu, L. & Li, W. CD-HIT suite: a web server for clustering and comparing biological sequences. Bioinformatics 26 (5), 680\u2013682 (2010).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.21078","volume":"65","author":"S Saha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saha, S. & Raghava, G. P. S. Prediction of continuous B-cell epitopes in an antigen using recurrent neural network. Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform. 65 (1), 40\u201348 (2006).","journal-title":"Proteins Struct. Funct. Bioinform."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-022-00224-w","volume":"23","author":"AK Rouzbahani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rouzbahani, A. K., Kheirandish, F. & Hosseini, S. Z. Design of a multi-epitope-based peptide vaccine against the S and N proteins of SARS-COV-2 using immunoinformatics approach. Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet. 23 (1), 16 (2022).","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"29906_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00278","volume":"8","author":"W Fleri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fleri, W. et al. The immune epitope database and analysis resource in epitope discovery and synthetic vaccine design. Front. Immunol. 8, 278 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"29906_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kakakhel, S. et al. Annotation of potential vaccine targets and designing of mRNA-Based Multi-Epitope vaccine against lumpy skin disease virus via reverse vaccinology and Agent-Based modeling. Bioeng. (Basel). 10 (4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bioengineering10040430 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10040430"},{"key":"29906_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2022.05.001","volume":"572","author":"K Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan, K., Khan, S. A., Jalal, K., Ul-Haq, Z. & Uddin, R. Immunoinformatic approach for the construction of multi-epitopes vaccine against Omicron COVID-19 variant. Virology 572, 28\u201343 (2022).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"29906_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-8-30","volume":"8","author":"SK Dhanda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dhanda, S. K., Vir, P. & Raghava, G. P. Designing of interferon-gamma inducing MHC class-II binders. Biol. Direct. 8, 1\u201315 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"29906_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dhanda, S. K., Gupta, S., Vir, P. & Raghava, G. P. Prediction of IL4 inducing peptides. Clin. Dev. Immunol. 2013 (263952). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/263952 (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/263952"},{"key":"29906_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doytchinova, I. A. & Flower, D. R. VaxiJen: a server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. BMC Bioinform. 8 (4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4 (2007).","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"29906_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2025.100510","volume":"23","author":"MM Elfadil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elfadil, M. M. et al. Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatics approaches for multi-epitope vaccine design against Klebsiella pneumoniae reveal a novel vaccine target protein. J. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol. 23 (3), 100510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgeb.2025.100510 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"29906_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073957","volume":"8","author":"S. Gupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta, S. et al. In Silico approach for predicting toxicity of peptides and proteins. PloS One. 8 (9), e73957 (2013).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btaa1102","volume":"37","author":"J Hon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hon, J. et al. SoluProt: prediction of soluble protein expression in Escherichia coli. Bioinformatics 37 (1), 23\u201328 (2021).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"29906_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-14-s6-s4","volume":"14 Suppl 6","author":"I Dimitrov","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dimitrov, I., Flower, D. R. & Doytchinova, I. AllerTOP\u2013a server for in Silico prediction of allergens. BMC Bioinform. 14 Suppl 6 (Suppl 6), S4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-14-s6-s4 (2013).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"key":"29906_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-7-153","volume":"7","author":"HH Bui","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bui, H. H. et al. Predicting population coverage of T-cell epitope-based diagnostics and vaccines. BMC Bioinform. 7, 1\u20135 (2006).","journal-title":"BMC Bioinform."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99227-7","volume":"11","author":"AO Fadaka","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fadaka, A. O. et al. Immunoinformatics design of a novel epitope-based vaccine candidate against dengue virus. Sci. Rep. 11 (1), 19707 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"29906_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100320","volume":"7","author":"A Kottarathil","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kottarathil, A. et al. Designing multi-epitope-based vaccine targeting Immunogenic proteins of Streptococcus mutans using immunoinformatics to prevent caries. Microbe 7, 100320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.microb.2025.100320 (2025).","journal-title":"Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03932-2","volume":"11","author":"H Tarrahimofrad","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tarrahimofrad, H., Rahimnahal, S., Zamani, J., Jahangirian, E. & Aminzadeh, S. Designing a multi-epitope vaccine to provoke the robust immune response against influenza A H7N9. Sci. Rep. 11 (1), 24485 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"29906_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0253393","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253393","volume":"16","author":"M. T. Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, M. T. et al. Immunoinformatics and molecular dynamics approaches: next generation vaccine design against West nile virus. Plos One. 16 (6), e0253393 (2021).","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"2","key":"29906_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90762-2","volume":"44","author":"M Kozak","year":"1986","unstructured":"Kozak, M. Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes. Cell 44 (2), 283\u2013292 (1986).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"29906_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2005.05.005","volume":"81","author":"Q Liu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Liu, Q. Comparative analysis of base biases around the stop codons in six eukaryotes. Biosystems 81 (3), 281\u2013289 (2005).","journal-title":"Biosystems"},{"key":"29906_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.213","volume":"162","author":"I Ahammad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahammad, I. & Lira, S. S. Designing a novel mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: an immunoinformatics approach. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 162, 820\u2013837 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.1.309","volume":"180","author":"S Kreiter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kreiter, S. et al. Increased antigen presentation efficiency by coupling antigens to MHC class I trafficking signals. J. Immunol. 180 (1), 309\u2013318 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"29906_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.5.11.2108","volume":"5","author":"DR Gallie","year":"1991","unstructured":"Gallie, D. R. The cap and Poly (A) tail function synergistically to regulate mRNA translational efficiency. Genes Dev. 5 (11), 2108\u20132116 (1991).","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"issue":"7","key":"29906_CR50","first-page":"3441","volume":"10","author":"D Munroe","year":"1990","unstructured":"Munroe, D. & Jacobson, A. mRNA Poly (A) tail, a 3\u2032 enhancer of translational initiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (7), 3441\u20133455 (1990).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"29906_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(89)90011-X","volume":"14","author":"P Bernstein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bernstein, P. & Ross, J. Poly (A), Poly (A) binding protein and the regulation of mRNA stability. Trends Biochem. Sci. 14 (9), 373\u2013377 (1989).","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"issue":"22","key":"29906_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9053","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2880","volume":"70","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Multiple injections of electroporated autologous T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor mediate regression of human disseminated tumor. Cancer Res. 70 (22), 9053\u20139061 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"13","key":"29906_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4009","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-04-015024","volume":"108","author":"S Holtkamp","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holtkamp, S. et al. Modification of antigen-encoding RNA increases stability, translational efficacy, and T-cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. Blood 108 (13), 4009\u20134017 (2006).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.34172\/bi.2021.11","volume":"11","author":"MM Pourseif","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pourseif, M. M. et al. A domain-based vaccine construct against SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 pandemic: development of self-amplifying mRNA and peptide vaccines. BioImpacts: BI. 11 (1), 65 (2020).","journal-title":"BioImpacts: BI"},{"issue":"7","key":"29906_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4552","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.7.4552","volume":"19","author":"Z Wang","year":"1999","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Day, N., Trifillis, P. & Kiledjian, M. An mRNA stability complex functions with Poly (A)-binding protein to stabilize mRNA in vitro. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19 (7), 4552\u20134560 (1999).","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"29906_CR56","first-page":"06","volume":"8","author":"S Priyadarsini","year":"2020","unstructured":"Priyadarsini, S. et al. In Silico structural delineation of nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 8 (2), 06\u201310 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"issue":"W1","key":"29906_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W402","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz297","volume":"47","author":"DW Buchan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buchan, D. W. & Jones, D. T. The PSIPRED protein analysis workbench: 20 years on. Nucleic Acids Res. 47 (W1), W402\u2013W407 (2019).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"29906_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W70","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkn188","volume":"36","author":"AR Gruber","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gruber, A. R., Lorenz, R., Bernhart, S. H., Neub\u00f6ck, R. & Hofacker, I. L. The Vienna RNA websuite. Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (suppl_2), W70\u2013W74 (2008).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"29906_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-7188-6-26","volume":"6","author":"R Lorenz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lorenz, R. et al. ViennaRNA package 2.0. Algorithms Mol. Biology. 6, 1\u201314 (2011).","journal-title":"Algorithms Mol. Biology"},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"29906_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W526","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh468","volume":"32","author":"DE Kim","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kim, D. E., Chivian, D. & Baker, D. Protein structure prediction and analysis using the Robetta server. Nucleic Acids Res. 32 (suppl_2), W526\u2013W531 (2004).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"W1","key":"29906_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W384","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt458","volume":"41","author":"L Heo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Heo, L., Park, H., Seok, C. & GalaxyRefine Protein structure refinement driven by side-chain repacking. Nucleic Acids Res. 41 (W1), W384\u2013W388 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"29906_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W407","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm290","volume":"35","author":"M Wiederstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wiederstein, M. & Sippl, M. J. ProSA-web: interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (suppl_2), W407\u2013W410 (2007).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"29906_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2016.169","volume":"12","author":"D Kozakov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kozakov, D. et al. The cluspro web server for protein\u2013protein Docking. Nat. Protoc. 12 (2), 255\u2013278 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/pro.3289","volume":"27","author":"RA Laskowski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laskowski, R. A. et al. Structural summaries of PDB entries. Protein Sci. 27 (1), 129\u2013134 (2018).","journal-title":"Protein Sci."},{"issue":"20","key":"29906_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr497","volume":"27","author":"JR Lop\u00e9z-Blanco","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lop\u00e9z-Blanco, J. R., Garz\u00f3n, J. I. & Chac\u00f3n, P. iMod: multipurpose normal mode analysis in internal coordinates. Bioinformatics 27 (20), 2843\u20132850 (2011).","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"W1","key":"29906_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W271","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku339","volume":"42","author":"JR L\u00f3pez-Blanco","year":"2014","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Blanco, J. R., Aliaga, J. I., Quintana-Ort\u00ed, E. S. & Chac\u00f3n, P. iMODS: internal coordinates normal mode analysis server. Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (W1), W271\u2013W276 (2014).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"29906_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8828","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168828","volume":"25","author":"Y Bai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Zhou, M., Wang, N., Yang, Y. & Wang, D. Designing a candidate multi-epitope vaccine against transmissible gastroenteritis virus based on immunoinformatic and molecular dynamics. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25 (16), 8828 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"29906_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaur, A. et al. Rational design and computational evaluation of a multi-epitope vaccine for Monkeypox virus: Insights into binding stability and immunological memory. Heliyon 10 (16), e36154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36154 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e36154"},{"issue":"7","key":"29906_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.2c00044","volume":"62","author":"C Kutzner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kutzner, C. et al. V. GROMACS in the cloud: A global supercomputer to speed up alchemical drug design. J. Chem. Inf. Model. 62 (7), 1691\u20131711 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"29906_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022159","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1022159","volume":"13","author":"AB Alabbas","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alabbas, A. B. Integrativesubtractive proteomics, immunoinformatics, docking, and simulation approaches reveal candidate vaccine against sin Nombre orthohantavirus. Front. Immunol. 13, 1022159 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"suppl_2","key":"29906_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W526","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gki376","volume":"33","author":"A Grote","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grote, A. et al. JCat: a novel tool to adapt codon usage of a target gene to its potential expression host. Nucleic Acids Res. 33 (suppl_2), W526\u2013W531 (2005).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74091-z","volume":"10","author":"H Fu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu, H. et al. Codon optimization with deep learning to enhance protein expression. Sci. Rep. 10 (1), 17617 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"29906_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2021.2024253","volume":"41","author":"NT Khan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khan, N. T., Zinnia, M. A. & Islam, A. B. M. M. K. Modeling mRNA-based vaccine YFV. E1988 against yellow fever virus E-protein using immuno-informatics and reverse vaccinology approach. J. Biomol. Struct. Dynamics. 41 (5), 1617\u20131638 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dynamics"},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9862","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009862","volume":"5","author":"N. Rapin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rapin, N., Lund, O., Bernaschi, M. & Castiglione, F. Computational immunology Meets bioinformatics: the use of prediction tools for molecular binding in the simulation of the immune system. PloS One 5(4), e9862. (2010).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"29906_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956776","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.956776","volume":"13","author":"S Aziz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aziz, S. et al. Exploring whole proteome to contrive multi-epitope-based vaccine for neocov: an immunoinformtics and in-silico approach. Front. Immunol. 13, 956776 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"29906_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646972","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.646972","volume":"12","author":"F Castiglione","year":"2021","unstructured":"Castiglione, F., Deb, D., Srivastava, A. P., Li\u00f2, P. & Liso, A. From infection to immunity: Understanding the response to SARS-CoV2 through in-silico modeling. Front. Immunol. 12, 646972 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-025-02796-6","volume":"22","author":"J Qiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiu, J. et al. Integrated in-silico design and in vivo validation of multi-epitope vaccines for Norovirus. Virol. J. 22 (1), 166. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-025-02796-6 (2025).","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"29906_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1435294","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1435294","volume":"14","author":"L Kuang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuang, L. et al. Changes in the epidemiological patterns of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus infection among pediatric patients and their correlation with severe cases: a long-term retrospective study. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 14, 1435294 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"29906_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2777-8","volume":"39","author":"L Contentin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Contentin, L., Guillon, A., Garot, D., Gaudy-Graffin, C. & Perrotin, D. Acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to human metapneumovirus infection in a young healthy adult. Intensive Care Med. 39, 533\u2013534 (2013).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"29906_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.05.005","volume":"19","author":"C Renaud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Renaud, C. et al. Mortality rates of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients. Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl. 19 (8), 1220\u20131226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbmt.2013.05.005 (2013).","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-023-01117-w","volume":"13","author":"N Kapandji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kapandji, N. et al. Clinical significance of human metapneumovirus detection in critically ill adults with lower respiratory tract infections. Ann. Intensiv. Care. 13 (1), 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-023-01117-w (2023).","journal-title":"Ann. Intensiv. Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"29906_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2025.14.e12","volume":"14","author":"MI Saeed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saeed, M. I. & Minireview Designing next generation human metapneumovirus (HMPV) vaccine. Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res. 14 (2), 116\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7774\/cevr.2025.14.e12 (2025).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"29906_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schnyder Ghamloush, S. et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an mRNA-Based hMPV\/PIV3 combination vaccine in seropositive children. Pediatrics 153 (6). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2023-064748 (2024).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-064748"},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9939","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54287-x","volume":"15","author":"YZ Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, Y. Z. et al. Rational design of uncleaved prefusion-closed trimer vaccines for human respiratory syncytial virus and metapneumovirus. Nat. Commun. 15 (1), 9939 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5560605","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5560605","volume":"2023","author":"FF Albaqami","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albaqami, F. F. et al. Tahir Ul Qamar, M. Computational modeling and evaluation of potential mRNA and Peptide-Based vaccine against Marburg virus (MARV) to provide immune protection against hemorrhagic fever. Biomed. Res. Int. 2023 (1), 5560605 (2023).","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"issue":"7830","key":"29906_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2814-7","volume":"586","author":"U Sahin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sahin, U. et al. COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses. Nature 586 (7830), 594\u2013599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-020-2814-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"29906_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01581","volume":"11","author":"E Ong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ong, E., Wong, M. U., Huffman, A. & He, Y. COVID-19 coronavirus vaccine design using reverse vaccinology and machine learning. Front. Immunol. 11, 1581 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002083","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2002083","volume":"18","author":"R Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel, R., Kaki, M., Potluri, V. S., Kahar, P. & Khanna, D. A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: Pfizer, moderna & Johnson & Johnson. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 18 (1), 2002083. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2021.2002083 (2022).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"29906_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.02.024","volume":"209","author":"JA Melero","year":"2015","unstructured":"Melero, J. A. & Mas, V. The Pneumovirinae fusion (F) protein: A common target for vaccines and antivirals. Virus Res. 209, 128\u2013135 (2015).","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293300","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2293300","volume":"20","author":"S Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, S. et al. Development of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate to combat HMPV virus. Hum. Vaccines Immunotherapeutics. 20 (1), 2293300 (2024).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunotherapeutics"},{"issue":"10","key":"29906_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100310","volume":"9","author":"NR Cheemarla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheemarla, N. R. & Guerrero-Plata, A. Human metapneumovirus attachment protein contributes to neutrophil recruitment into the airways of infected mice. Viruses 9 (10), 310 (2017).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.000031","volume":"96","author":"L Aerts","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aerts, L. et al. Adjuvant effect of the human metapneumovirus (HMPV) matrix protein in HMPV subunit vaccines. J. Gen. Virol. 96 (4), 767\u2013774 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"19","key":"29906_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11411","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00876-14","volume":"88","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. et al. Rational design of human metapneumovirus live attenuated vaccine candidates by inhibiting viral mRNA cap methyltransferase. J. Virol. 88 (19), 11411\u201311429 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"29906_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.016","volume":"345","author":"MH Skiadopoulos","year":"2006","unstructured":"Skiadopoulos, M. H. et al. Individual contributions of the human metapneumovirus F, G, and SH surface glycoproteins to the induction of neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. Virology 345 (2), 492\u2013501 (2006).","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"29906_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatrawi, E. M., Luqman Ali, S., Ali, S. Y., Abduldayeva, A. & Mugibel, M. A. A. Robust multiepitope vaccine from glycoproteins against human metapneumovirus genotypes A2a, A2b, and A2c by utilizing immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology approaches. Viral Immunol. 38 (5), 157\u2013171 (2025).","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2025.0021"},{"key":"29906_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9572","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9572","volume":"8","author":"MS Rahman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rahman, M. S. et al. Epitope-based chimeric peptide vaccine design against S, M and E proteins of SARS-CoV-2, the etiologic agent of COVID-19 pandemic: an in Silico approach. PeerJ 8, e9572 (2020).","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"29906_CR97","first-page":"101745","volume":"39","author":"C Aram","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aram, C., Alijanizadeh, P., Saleki, K. & Karami, L. Development of an ancestral DC and TLR4-inducing multi-epitope peptide vaccine against the Spike protein of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 using the advanced immunoinformatics approaches. Biochem. Biophys. Rep. 39, 101745 (2024).","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2021882","volume":"21","author":"J Dey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dey, J. et al. Exploring Klebsiella pneumoniae capsule polysaccharide proteins to design multiepitope subunit vaccine to fight against pneumonia. Expert Rev. Vaccines. 21 (4), 569\u2013587 (2022).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"29906_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasteiger, E. Protein identification and analysis tools on the ExPASy server. The proteomics protocols handbook\/Human Press Inc. (2005).","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-890-0:571"},{"issue":"7","key":"29906_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3390\/computation10070117","volume":"10","author":"OO Oluwagbemi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oluwagbemi, O. O. et al. Bioinformatics, computational informatics, and modeling approaches to the design of mRNA COVID-19 vaccine candidates. Computation 10 (7), 117 (2022).","journal-title":"Computation"},{"issue":"5","key":"29906_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/80833","volume":"1","author":"EA Kurt-Jones","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kurt-Jones, E. A. et al. Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat. Immunol. 1 (5), 398\u2013401 (2000).","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"issue":"8","key":"29906_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1360","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1360","volume":"12","author":"EK Oladipo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oladipo, E. K. et al. Exploring computational approaches to design mRNA vaccine against vaccinia and Mpox viruses. Immun. Inflamm. Dis. 12 (8), e1360 (2024).","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"29906_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedinformatics4020086","volume":"4","author":"EK Oladipo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oladipo, E. K. et al. Utilizing immunoinformatics for mRNA vaccine design against influenza D virus. BioMedInformatics 4 (2), 1572\u20131588 (2024).","journal-title":"BioMedInformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"29906_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293300","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2293300","volume":"19","author":"S Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, S. et al. Development of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate to combat HMPV virus. Hum. Vaccin Immunother. 19 (3), 2293300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21645515.2023.2293300 (2023).","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin Immunother"},{"issue":"3","key":"29906_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-022-09351-3","volume":"71","author":"Y Mohammadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mohammadi, Y., Nezafat, N., Negahdaripour, M., Eskandari, S. & Zamani, M. In Silico design and evaluation of a novel mRNA vaccine against BK virus: a reverse vaccinology approach. Immunol. Res. 71 (3), 422\u2013441 (2023).","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgeb.2024.100451","volume":"23","author":"A Ali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ali, A. et al. Multi-epitope-based vaccine models prioritization against astrovirus MLB1 using immunoinformatics and reverse vaccinology approaches. J. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol. 23 (1), 100451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jgeb.2024.100451 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"9","key":"29906_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.14.70","volume":"9","author":"MC Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel, M. C. et al. Novel drugs targeting Toll-like receptors for antiviral therapy. Future Virol. 9 (9), 811\u2013829 (2014).","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-84823-0","volume":"15","author":"S Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma, S. et al. Development of a novel multi-epitope subunit mRNA vaccine candidate to combat acinetobacter baumannii. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 1410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-84823-0 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87063-y","volume":"15","author":"SS Mahafujul Alam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahafujul Alam, S. S. et al. Immunoinformatics based designing of a multi-epitope cancer vaccine targeting programmed cell death ligand 1. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 12420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-87063-y (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"29906_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10122010","volume":"10","author":"K Bhattacharya","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bhattacharya, K. et al. Multi-epitope vaccine design against Monkeypox virus via reverse vaccinology method exploiting immunoinformatic and bioinformatic approaches. Vaccines 10 (12), 2010 (2022).","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"29906_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesavan, L. R., Kamalan, B. C. & Sivanandan, S. Targeting human inosine 5\u2019monophosphate dehydrogenase type 2 for anti-dengue lead identification\u2013a computational approach. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn.  43 (14), 1\u201315 (2024).","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2024.2331094"},{"issue":"12","key":"29906_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0244176","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244176","volume":"15","author":"M Tahir ul Qamar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tahir ul Qamar, M. et al. Designing of a next generation multiepitope based vaccine (MEV) against SARS-COV-2: immunoinformatics and in Silico approaches. PloS One. 15 (12), e0244176 (2020).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"29906_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4288","DOI":"10.1039\/D1RA06532G","volume":"12","author":"M Rafi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rafi, M. et al. Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: immunoinformatic and computational methods. RSC Adv. 12, 4288\u20134310 (2022).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"29906_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105290","volume":"102","author":"K Saleki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saleki, K. et al. Engineering a novel Immunogenic chimera protein utilizing bacterial infections associated with atherosclerosis to induce a deviation in adaptive immune responses via immunoinformatics approaches. Infect. Genet. Evol. 102, 105290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105290 (2022).","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.749","volume":"15","author":"U Boehm","year":"1997","unstructured":"Boehm, U., Klamp, T., Groot, M. & Howard, J. Cellular responses to interferon-\u03b3. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15 (1), 749\u2013795 (1997).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"5","key":"29906_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.003","volume":"23","author":"W Liao","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liao, W., Lin, J. X. & Leonard, W. J. IL-2 family cytokines: new insights into the complex roles of IL-2 as a broad regulator of T helper cell differentiation. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 23 (5), 598\u2013604 (2011).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"29906_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-023-00341-4","volume":"12","author":"LK Sahu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sahu, L. K. & Singh, K. Cross-variant proof predictive vaccine design based on SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein using immunoinformatics approach. Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. 12 (1), 5 (2023).","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ. J. Basic. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"29906_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985450","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.985450","volume":"13","author":"S Aiman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aiman, S. et al. Multi-epitope chimeric vaccine design against emerging Monkeypox virus via reverse vaccinology techniques-a bioinformatics and immunoinformatics approach. Front. Immunol. 13, 985450 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"29906_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.259","volume":"141","author":"A Rahmani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rahmani, A. et al. Development of a conserved chimeric vaccine based on helper T-cell and CTL epitopes for induction of strong immune response against schistosoma mansoni using immunoinformatics approaches. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 141, 125\u2013136 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"4","key":"29906_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.2017.7.4.206","volume":"7","author":"JS Park","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park, J. S. et al. Comparison of nasal cytokine profiles of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus. Asia Pac. Allergy. 7 (4), 206\u2013212 (2017).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Allergy"},{"issue":"6","key":"29906_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i6.9","volume":"14","author":"ZI Alawadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alawadi, Z. I. et al. Designing a multiepitope mRNA-based vaccine against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in calves: immunoinformatics and molecular modeling approach. Open. Veterinary J. 14 (6), 1417 (2024).","journal-title":"Open. Veterinary J."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29906-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29906-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29906-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T02:01:59Z","timestamp":1768096919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-29906-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["29906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-29906-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"540"}}