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Here, we sought to determine whether mitochondrial adaptations in brain tissue explain the hypoxia tolerance of New Zealand triplefin fishes (\n                    <jats:italic>Tripterygiidae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). We compared two intertidal species (\n                    <jats:italic>Bellapiscis medius<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Forsterygion lapillum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), both likely adapted to hypoxia-reoxygenation exposures, and two subtidal species (\n                    <jats:italic>F. varium<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>F. malcomi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), which inhabit normoxic waters. To assess hypoxia tolerance, we determined loss of equilibrium (LOE) during hypoxia exposure and measured the critical O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    tension (P\n                    <jats:sub>crit<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Intertidal species displayed superior hypoxia tolerance as assessed by LOE and also had lower P\n                    <jats:sub>crit<\/jats:sub>\n                    (LOE versus P\n                    <jats:sub>crit<\/jats:sub>\n                    R\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.99). High-resolution respirometry was used to measure mitochondrial respiration in homogenate and permeabilised fragments of brain. While a weak relationship was apparent between mitochondrial O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    binding affinity (mP\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and LOE, maximum phosphorylating O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption (OxPhos) and O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    catalytic rates were strongly correlated with hypoxia tolerance. Although cytochrome-\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    -oxidase activity was highest in the most hypoxia-tolerant species\n                    <jats:italic>B. medius<\/jats:italic>\n                    , it was only weakly correlated with hypoxia tolerance across species. Notably, the high OxPhos capacity of intertidal species was not associated with higher whole animal resting O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    consumption, suggesting intertidal species maintain high capacity for ATP production without incurring increased basal energetic costs. While somewhat paradoxical, the low P\n                    <jats:sub>crit<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/high OxPhos strategy of intertidal species may provide flexibility in the dynamic intertidal environment where short, severe periods of hypoxia are interspersed with high energy demand environmental conditions, including acute warming.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30078-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:35:25Z","timestamp":1768563325000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hypoxia tolerance of intertidal triplefin fish is associated with low critical oxygen tension and high phosphorylating capacity in brain mitochondria"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jules B. 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