{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T22:11:53Z","timestamp":1793916713001,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30144-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T10:15:14Z","timestamp":1764584114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Efficient removal of 2,4-D using NaOH-activated date seed Biochar with adsorption behavior, kinetic and isotherm modeling, and process optimization"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mozhdeh","family":"Keramatzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Ehteshami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afshin","family":"Takdastan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"30144_CR1","first-page":"9946","volume":"11","author":"A Qurratu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Qurratu, A. & Reehan, A. A review of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) derivatives: 2, 4-D dimethylamine salt and 2, 4-D Butyl ester. Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res. 11 (19), 9946\u20139955 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res."},{"key":"30144_CR2","unstructured":"Wafa, T., Ikbal, C. & Mohamed, H. Environmental Fate and Effects of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic Herbicide p. 161\u2013187 (Nova Science, 2011)."},{"issue":"1","key":"30144_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77570-5","volume":"10","author":"A Shekoofa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shekoofa, A. et al. Environmental effects on efficacy of herbicides for postemergence Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) control. Sci. Rep. 10 (1), 20579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-77570-5 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"30144_CR4","unstructured":"Organization, W. H. Aluminium in drinking-water: background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality, in Aluminium in drinking-water: background document for development of WHO Guidelines for drinking-water quality. (2022). https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=x3RyEAAAQBAJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"30144_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12080562","volume":"12","author":"L Mei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mei, L. et al. Degradation of three herbicides and effect on bacterial communities under combined pollution. Toxics 12 (8), 562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12080562 (2024).","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"30144_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.130","volume":"532","author":"MB Ahmed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ahmed, M. B. et al. Adsorptive removal of antibiotics from water and wastewater: progress and challenges. Sci. Total Environ. 532, 112\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.130 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"30144_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/15422119.2018.1450765","volume":"47","author":"NS Trivedi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Trivedi, N. S. & Mandavgane, S. A. Fundamentals of 2, 4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid removal from aqueous solutions. Sep. Purif. Reviews. 47 (4), 337\u2013354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15422119.2018.1450765 (2018).","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"30144_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72777-2","volume":"14","author":"A Kianpour","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kianpour, A. et al. Examining the efficacy of biological filters in the removal of agricultural pesticides and nutrient elements from agricultural drainage water. Sci. Rep. 14 (1), 21507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-72777-2 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"30144_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes14090190","volume":"14","author":"H Geng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Geng, H. et al. Research on reverse osmosis (RO)\/Nanofiltration (NF) membranes based on thin film composite (TFC) structures: Mechanism, recent progress and application. Membranes 14 (9), 190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/membranes14090190 (2024).","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"issue":"21","key":"30144_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26325","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13730-y","volume":"28","author":"R Gir\u00f3n-Navarro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gir\u00f3n-Navarro, R. et al. Evaluation and comparison of advanced oxidation processes for the degradation of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D): a review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28 (21), 26325\u201326358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-13730-y (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"43","key":"30144_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40775","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c05818","volume":"8","author":"AA Alluhaybi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alluhaybi, A. A. et al. Efficient adsorption and removal of the herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenylacetic acid from aqueous solutions using MIL-88 (Fe)-NH2. ACS Omega. 8 (43), 40775\u201340784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsomega.3c05818 (2023).","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"30144_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kathi, S. & Mahmoud, A. E. D. Trends in effective removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater: A comprehensive review. Desalination Water Treat. 100258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100258 (2024).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dwt.2024.100258"},{"key":"30144_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141130","volume":"350","author":"R Vinayagam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vinayagam, R. et al. Machine learning, conventional and statistical physics modeling of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) herbicide removal using Biochar prepared from vateria indica fruit biomass. Chemosphere 350, 141130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141130 (2024).","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"30144_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22059\/poll.2025.385594.2656","author":"M Keramatzadeh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Keramatzadeh, M., Ehteshami, M. & Takdastan, A. Analysis and monitoring of the herbicide 2, 4-D in agricultural drainage systems and Karun river using HPLC method. Pollution https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22059\/poll.2025.385594.2656 (2025).","journal-title":"Pollution"},{"key":"30144_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00552","volume":"7","author":"K Al-Saad","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Saad, K. et al. Recycling of date pits into a green adsorbent for removal of heavy metals: A fractional factorial design-based approach. Front. Chem. 7, 552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2019.00552 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"30144_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.3390\/en14051297","volume":"14","author":"YG Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, Y. G. et al. Effects of NaOH activation on adsorptive removal of herbicides by biochars prepared from ground coffee residues. Energies 14 (5), 1297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14051297 (2021).","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"30144_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-019-00955-0","volume":"18","author":"Z Heidarinejad","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heidarinejad, Z. et al. Methods for Preparation and activation of activated carbon: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 18, 1\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10311-019-00955-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"30144_CR18","unstructured":"Baird, R. B., Eaton, A. D. & Rice, E. W. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), 2017). Water Environment Federation (WEF)."},{"key":"30144_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sing, K. S. Reporting physisorption data for gas\/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity (Recommendations 1984). Pure and applied chemistry, 57(4): pp. 603\u2013619. (1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1351\/pac198557040603","DOI":"10.1351\/pac198557040603"},{"key":"30144_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p130470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130470","volume":"358","author":"L Tang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tang, L. et al. Comparative study of adsorption and slow-release performance and mechanism of phosphoric acid and ammonia-modified biochars on 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Sep. Purif. Technol. 358, p130470. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.130470 (2025).","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"30144_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-01647-2","volume":"15","author":"H Sridevi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sridevi, H. et al. Mesoporous activated carbon from Tabebuia aurea leaves for effective adsorptive removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-01647-2 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"30144_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106872","volume":"9","author":"D Franco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Franco, D. et al. Transforming agricultural waste into adsorbent: application of fagopyrum esculentum wheat husks treated with H2SO4 to adsorption of the 2, 4-D herbicide. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 9 (6), 106872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106872 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"30144_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.05.023","volume":"62","author":"JP Kearns","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kearns, J. P. et al. 2, 4-D adsorption to biochars: effect of Preparation conditions on equilibrium adsorption capacity and comparison with commercial activated carbon literature data. Water Res. 62, 20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2014.05.023 (2014).","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"30144_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2022.109165","volume":"11","author":"W Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma, W. et al. Pyrolyzing spent coffee ground to Biochar treated with H3PO4 for the efficient removal of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide: adsorptive behaviors and mechanism. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 11 (1), 109165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jece.2022.109165 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"27","key":"30144_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12813-0","volume":"28","author":"J Georgin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Georgin, J. et al. Adsorption investigation of 2,4-D herbicide on acid-treated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) skins. Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int. 28 (27), 36453\u201336463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12813-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut Res. Int."},{"key":"30144_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Trivedi, N. S., Kharkar, R. A. & Mandavgane, S. A. Use of wheat straw combustion residues for removal of chlorinated herbicide (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid). Waste and Biomass Valorization, 10: pp. 1323\u20131331. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12649-017-0134-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-017-0134-4"},{"key":"30144_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2024.04.055","volume":"206","author":"P Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma, P. et al. Review on recent advancement of adsorption potential of sugarcane Bagasse Biochar in wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 206, 428\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cherd.2024.04.055 (2024).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Res. Des."},{"key":"30144_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36453","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12813-0","volume":"28","author":"J Georgin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Georgin, J. et al. Adsorption investigation of 2, 4-D herbicide on acid-treated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) skins. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 28, 36453\u201336463. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-12813-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"30144_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.04.005","volume":"261","author":"A Pandiarajan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pandiarajan, A. et al. OPAC (orange Peel activated carbon) derived from waste orange Peel for the adsorption of chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicides from water: adsorption isotherm, kinetic modelling and thermodynamic studies. Bioresour. Technol. 261, 329\u2013341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.04.005 (2018).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"30144_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11124","DOI":"10.1002\/wer.11124","volume":"96","author":"W Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma, W. et al. Optimized Ginkgo leaf biochar: an efficient adsorbent for 2, 4-D herbicide removal from wastewater. Water Environ. Res. 96 (9), e11124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/wer.11124 (2024).","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"30144_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biteb.2020.100520","volume":"11","author":"QA Binh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Binh, Q. A. & Nguyen, H. H. Investigation the isotherm and kinetics of adsorption mechanism of herbicide 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) on corn cob Biochar. Bioresource Technol. Rep. 11, 100520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biteb.2020.100520 (2020).","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol. Rep."},{"key":"30144_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.07.073","volume":"246","author":"S Mandal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mandal, S. et al. Mechanistic insights of 2, 4-D sorption onto Biochar: influence of feedstock materials and Biochar properties. Bioresour. Technol. 246, 160\u2013167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.07.073 (2017).","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"30144_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145564","volume":"474","author":"L Sellaoui","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sellaoui, L. et al. Adsorptive properties of the pesticides 2, 4-D, mecoprop, and Dicamba on a pinus-based biochar: conventional and statistical physics evaluation. Chem. Eng. J. 474, 145564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cej.2023.145564 (2023).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"18","key":"30144_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2697","DOI":"10.3390\/w16182697","volume":"16","author":"F Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, F. & Hou, Y. Adsorption of Tricyclazole and 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid onto Biochar produced from anaerobically digested sludge. Water 16 (18), 2697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/w16182697 (2024).","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"8","key":"30144_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2018.467","volume":"78","author":"M Bahrami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bahrami, M., Amiri, M. J. & Beigzadeh, B. Adsorption of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid using rice husk biochar, granular activated carbon, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a fixed bed column system. Water Sci. Technol. 78 (8), 1812\u20131821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2018.467 (2018).","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"30144_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.09.028","volume":"15","author":"MM Khan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan, M. M. et al. Composite of polypyrrole with sugarcane Bagasse cellulosic biomass and adsorption efficiency for 2, 4-dicholrophonxy acetic acid in column mode. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 15, 2016\u20132025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmrt.2021.09.028 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Res. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"30144_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92567-8","volume":"15","author":"S Knani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Knani, S. et al. Theoretical modeling of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on acid-treated peanut skin: microscopic analysis via statistical physics treatment. Sci. Rep. 15 (1), 14238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-92567-8 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30144-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30144-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30144-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:40:09Z","timestamp":1767706809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30144-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["30144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-30144-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6638794\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"581"}}