{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:08:36Z","timestamp":1793304516393,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2704901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2704901"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nantong Municipal Key Medical Discipline","award":["None"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["None"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L242052"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L242052"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30467-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:15:11Z","timestamp":1764249311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Subclade B3 and D3 enterovirus D68 among children with severe community-acquired pneumonia in China, 2021 to 2024"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linfeng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangrong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suqing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibang","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roujian","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"30467_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e259131","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.9131","volume":"8","author":"BR Clopper","year":"2025","unstructured":"Clopper, B. R. et al. Enterovirus D68-Associated respiratory illness in children. JAMA Netw. Open. 8 (5), e259131 (2025).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"1","key":"30467_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.07.001","volume":"6","author":"D Jorgensen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jorgensen, D., Grassly, N. C. & Pons-Salort, M. Global age-stratified Seroprevalence of enterovirus D68: a systematic literature review. Lancet Microbe. 6 (1), 100938 (2025).","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"30467_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00284","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00284-20","volume":"58","author":"VL Gilrane","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gilrane, V. L. et al. Biennial upsurge and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus D68 infection in new York, USA, 2014 to 2018. J. Clin. Microbiol. 58, e00284\u2013320 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"30467_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7047a1","volume":"70","author":"MM Shah","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shah, M. M. et al. Enterovirus D68-associated acute respiratory illness-new vaccine surveillance network, united States, July-November 2018\u20132020. MMWR Morb Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70, 1623\u20131628 (2021).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"30467_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2807.220264","volume":"28","author":"C Andr\u00e9s","year":"2022","unstructured":"Andr\u00e9s, C. et al. Enterovirus D68 in hospitalized children, Barcelona, Spain, 2014\u20132021. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 28, 1327\u20131331 (2022).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"30467_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400645","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.41.2400645","volume":"29","author":"E Pariani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pariani, E. et al. Enhanced laboratory surveillance of respiratory infection disclosed the rapid rise of enterovirus D68 cases, Northern Italy, August to September 2024. Euro. Surveill. 29, 2400645 (2024).","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill"},{"key":"30467_CR7","first-page":"e917","volume":"230","author":"MP Simoes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simoes, M. P. et al. Epidemiological and clinical insights into the enterovirus D68 upsurge in Europe 2021\u20132022 and emergence of novel B3-derived lineages, ENPEN multicentre study. J. Infect. Dis. 230, e917\u2013e928 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"30467_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29810","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29810","volume":"96","author":"B Mengual-Chuli\u00e1","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mengual-Chuli\u00e1, B. et al. Enterovirus D68 disease burden and epidemiology in hospital-admitted influenza-like illness, Valencia region of Spain, 2014\u20132020 influenza seasons. J. Med. Virol. 96 (7), e29810 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"30467_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6073","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42651-7","volume":"9","author":"L Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen, L. et al. Upsurge of enterovirus D68 and circulation of the new subclade D3 and subclade B3 in Beijing, China, 2016. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 6073.","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"30467_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52226-w","volume":"14","author":"F Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, F. et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus D68 from 2013 to 2020 in Shanghai. Sci. Rep. 14, 2161 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"30467_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.200312","volume":"26","author":"A Fall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fall, A. et al. Enterovirus D68 subclade B3 in children with acute flaccid paralysis in West Africa, 2016. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 26, 2227\u20132230 (2020).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"30467_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29947","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29947","volume":"96","author":"T Itagaki","year":"2024","unstructured":"Itagaki, T. et al. Seroprevalence of enterovirus D68 in Yamagata, Japan, between 1976 and 2019. J. Med. Virol. 96, e29947 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"30467_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.240410","volume":"30","author":"MM Jallow","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jallow, M. M. et al. Real-time enterovirus D68 outbreak detection through hospital surveillance of severe acute respiratory infection, Senegal, 2023. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 30, 1687\u20131691 (2024).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"30467_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir531","volume":"53","author":"JS Bradley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bradley, J. S. et al. The management of community-acquired pneumonia in infants and children older than 3 months of age: clinical practice guidelines by the pediatric infectious diseases society and the infectious diseases society of America. Clin. Infect. Dis. 53, e25\u201376 (2011).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"30467_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy584","volume":"67","author":"JM Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller, J. M. et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2018 update by the infectious diseases society of America and the American society for microbiology. Clin. Infect. Dis. 67, 813\u2013816 (2018).","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"30467_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2023.08.007","volume":"55","author":"YT Hooi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hooi, Y. T. & Balasubramaniam, V. R. M. T. In vitro and in vivo models for the study of EV-D68 infection. Pathology 55, 907\u2013916 (2023).","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"30467_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.100317","volume":"296","author":"MJ Elrick","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elrick, M. J., Pekosz, A. & Duggal, P. Enterovirus D68 molecular and cellular biology and pathogenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 296, 100317 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"30467_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29804","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.29804","volume":"96","author":"SB Lejeune","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lejeune, S. B. et al. Rhinovirus characteristics associated with viremia in childhood asthma. J. Med. Virol. 96, e29804 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"30467_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.11.012","volume":"162","author":"WJ Evans","year":"2019","unstructured":"Evans, W. J. et al. Development of a respiratory disease model for enterovirus D68 in 4-week-old mice for evaluation of antiviral therapies. Antiviral Res. 162, 61\u201370 (2019).","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"30467_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0105823","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01058-23","volume":"14","author":"G Aguglia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aguglia, G. et al. Contemporary enterovirus-D68 isolates infect human spinal cord organoids. mBio 14, e0105823 (2023).","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"30467_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169422","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01694-22","volume":"10","author":"A Sridhar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sridhar, A. et al. Enterovirus D68 infection in human primary airway and brain organoids: no additional role for Heparan sulfate binding for neurotropism. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e0169422 (2022).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"30467_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010632","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010632","volume":"18","author":"IC Filipe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Filipe, I. C. et al. Comparison of tissue tropism and host response to enteric and respiratory enteroviruses. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010632 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"30467_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66687","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.66687","volume":"10","author":"MC Freeman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freeman, M. C. et al. Respiratory and intestinal epithelial cells exhibit differential susceptibility and innate immune responses to contemporary EV-D68 isolates. Elife 10, e66687 (2021).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"30467_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8865","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9865","volume":"6","author":"Y Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Sialic acid-dependent cell entry of human enterovirus D68. Nat. Commun. 6, 8865 (2015).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"30467_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010515","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010515","volume":"18","author":"EB Hodcroft","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hodcroft, E. B. et al. Evolution, geographic spreading, and demographic distribution of enterovirus D68. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010515 (2022).","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"30467_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5c00063","volume":"11","author":"AK Pereirinha da Silva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pereirinha da Silva, A. K. et al. Sialic Acid-Containing glycolipids extend the receptor repertoire of Enterovirus-D68. ACS Infect. Dis. 11, 2090\u20132103 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30467-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30467-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30467-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T14:25:51Z","timestamp":1767882351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30467-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["30467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-30467-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Children\u2019s Hospital of Fudan University ethical committee (approval number: 2020\u2009\u2212\u2009208 and 2024-33). Written informed consent was obtained from the legal guardians of the participants after explaining the study objectives.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"956"}}