{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:33:04Z","timestamp":1790217184446,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":34,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30648-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T07:34:51Z","timestamp":1764920091000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hematopoietic EphA4 deficiency alters microglial heterogeneity and improves chronic spatial memory after brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Eman","family":"Soliman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"de Jager","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kylee","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Ju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Willison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatia","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle H.","family":"Theus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"30648_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.001","volume":"104","author":"A Capizzi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capizzi, A., Woo, J. & Verduzco-Gutierrez, M. Traumatic brain injury: an overview of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and medical management. Med. Clin. North. Am. 104, 213\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mcna.2019.11.001 (2020).","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"30648_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2013.11.004","volume":"37","author":"AR Rabinowitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rabinowitz, A. R. & Levin, H. S. Cognitive sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr Clin. North. Am. 37, 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psc.2013.11.004 (2014).","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"30648_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30279-X","volume":"16","author":"L Wilson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wilson, L. et al. The chronic and evolving neurological consequences of traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurol. 16, 813\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30279-X (2017).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"30648_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.23.2.jnpe14","volume":"23","author":"P Gracia-Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gracia-Garcia, P., Mielke, M. M., Rosenberg, P., Bergey, A. & Rao, V. Personality changes in brain injury. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 23, E14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/jnp.23.2.jnpe14 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00065-0","volume":"22","author":"K Dams-O\u2019Connor","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dams-O\u2019Connor, K. et al. Traumatic brain injury as a chronic disease: insights from the united States traumatic brain injury model systems research program. Lancet Neurol. 22, 517\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00065-0 (2023).","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"30648_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09995-4","volume":"51","author":"OM Obukohwo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Obukohwo, O. M., Oreoluwa, O. A., Andrew, U. O. & Williams, U. E. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury: a review. Mol. Biol. Rep. 51, 1073. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-024-09995-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"30648_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02005-x","volume":"17","author":"A Alam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alam, A. et al. Cellular infiltration in traumatic brain injury. J. Neuroinflammation. 17, 328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-020-02005-x (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.018","volume":"275 Pt 3","author":"DJ Loane","year":"2016","unstructured":"Loane, D. J. & Kumar, A. Microglia in the TBI brain: the good, the bad, and the dysregulated. Exp. Neurol. 275 Pt 3, 316\u2013327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2015.08.018 (2016).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"30648_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.64","volume":"28","author":"A Denes","year":"2008","unstructured":"Denes, A., Ferenczi, S., Halasz, J., Kornyei, Z. & Kovacs, K. J. Role of CX3CR1 (fractalkine receptor) in brain damage and inflammation induced by focal cerebral ischemia in mouse. J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab. 28, 1707\u20131721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/jcbfm.2008.64 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow. Metab."},{"key":"30648_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20041611","volume":"201","author":"K Takahashi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Takahashi, K., Rochford, C. D. & Neumann, H. Clearance of apoptotic neurons without inflammation by microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2. J. Exp. Med. 201, 647\u2013657. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20041611 (2005).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"30648_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1173-x","volume":"15","author":"YW Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Y. W., Li, S. & Dai, S. S. Neutrophils in traumatic brain injury (TBI): friend or foe? J. Neuroinflammation. 15, 146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-018-1173-x (2018).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax8847","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax8847","volume":"6","author":"K Vaibhav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaibhav, K. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate neurological deficits after traumatic brain injury. Sci. Adv. 6, eaax8847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciadv.aax8847 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"30648_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-1-14","volume":"1","author":"WJ Streit","year":"2004","unstructured":"Streit, W. J., Mrak, R. E. & Griffin, W. S. Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective. J. Neuroinflammation. 1, 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-2094-1-14 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1605-2","volume":"16","author":"EA Kowalski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kowalski, E. A. et al. Peripheral loss of EphA4 ameliorates TBI-induced neuroinflammation and tissue damage. J. Neuroinflammation. 16, 210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-019-1605-2 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02940-5","volume":"20","author":"E Soliman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Soliman, E. et al. Efferocytosis is restricted by axon guidance molecule EphA4 via ERK\/Stat6\/MERTK signaling following brain injury. J. Neuroinflammation. 20, 256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02940-5 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI131493","volume":"130","author":"B Okyere","year":"2020","unstructured":"Okyere, B. et al. EphA4\/Tie2 crosstalk regulates leptomeningeal collateral remodeling following ischemic stroke. J. Clin. Invest. 130, 1024\u20131035. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI131493 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"30648_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2204700120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204700120","volume":"120","author":"A Cash","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cash, A. et al. Endothelial deletion of EPH receptor A4 alters single-cell profile and Tie2\/Akap12 signaling to preserve blood-brain barrier integrity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 120, e2204700120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2204700120 (2023).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"30648_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kowalski, E. A. et al. Monocyte Proinflammatory phenotypic control by Ephrin type A receptor 4 mediates neural tissue damage. JCI Insight. 7 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.156319 (2022).","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.156319"},{"key":"30648_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2009.04.009","volume":"19","author":"KO Lai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lai, K. O. & Ip, N. Y. Synapse development and plasticity: roles of ephrin\/Eph receptor signaling. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 19, 275\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.conb.2009.04.009 (2009).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"30648_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2015.16","volume":"17","author":"A Kania","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kania, A. & Klein, R. Mechanisms of ephrin-Eph signalling in development, physiology and disease. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17, 240\u2013256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm.2015.16 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"30648_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.2741\/3939","volume":"17","author":"A Singh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Singh, A., Winterbottom, E. & Daar, I. O. Eph\/ephrin signaling in cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesion. Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed). 17, 473\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/3939 (2012).","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"30648_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182496149","volume":"71","author":"T Frugier","year":"2012","unstructured":"Frugier, T. et al. Expression and activation of EphA4 in the human brain after traumatic injury. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 71, 242\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182496149 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"30648_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.02.005","volume":"223","author":"JE Herrmann","year":"2010","unstructured":"Herrmann, J. E., Shah, R. R., Chan, A. F. & Zheng, B. EphA4 deficient mice maintain astroglial-fibrotic Scar formation after spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 223, 582\u2013598. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.02.005 (2010).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"30648_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747770","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2021.747770","volume":"14","author":"E Soliman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Soliman, E. et al. Conditional deletion of EphA4 on Cx3cr1-Expressing microglia fails to influence histopathological outcome and blood brain barrier disruption following brain injury. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 14, 747770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnmol.2021.747770 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997786","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997786","volume":"13","author":"A Vidal-Itriago","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vidal-Itriago, A. et al. Microglia morphophysiological diversity and its implications for the CNS. Front. Immunol. 13, 997786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997786 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"30648_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02921-8","volume":"20","author":"LT Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen, L. T. et al. Mertk-expressing microglia influence oligodendrogenesis and Myelin modelling in the CNS. J. Neuroinflammation. 20, 253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02921-8 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1936","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1421480112","volume":"112","author":"A Amador-Arjona","year":"2015","unstructured":"Amador-Arjona, A. et al. SOX2 primes the epigenetic landscape in neural precursors enabling proper gene activation during hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 112, E1936\u20131945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1421480112 (2015).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"30648_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206780574579","volume":"12","author":"A Bernardo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bernardo, A. & Minghetti, L. PPAR-gamma agonists as regulators of microglial activation and brain inflammation. Curr. Pharm. Des. 12, 93\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/138161206780574579 (2006).","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"30648_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krishna, S. et al. PPAR-gamma activation enhances myelination and neurological recovery in premature rabbits with intraventricular hemorrhage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 118 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2103084118 (2021).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2103084118"},{"key":"30648_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.028","volume":"36","author":"T Kariharan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kariharan, T. et al. Central activation of PPAR-gamma ameliorates diabetes induced cognitive dysfunction and improves BDNF expression. Neurobiol. Aging. 36, 1451\u20131461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.028 (2015).","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"30648_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008","volume":"26","author":"A Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar, A. & Loane, D. J. Neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury: opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Brain Behav. Immun. 26, 1191\u20131201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.06.008 (2012).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"30648_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3053","volume":"12","author":"S David","year":"2011","unstructured":"David, S. & Kroner, A. Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 388\u2013399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3053 (2011).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.01.004","volume":"117","author":"EF Willis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Willis, E. F. et al. ROCK2 regulates microglia proliferation and neuronal survival after traumatic brain injury. Brain Behav. Immun. 117, 181\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.01.004 (2024).","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"30648_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4631","volume":"20","author":"P Fuger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fuger, P. et al. Microglia turnover with aging and in an alzheimer\u2019s model via long-term in vivo single-cell imaging. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 1371\u20131376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nn.4631 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxae023","volume":"216","author":"TRF Green","year":"2024","unstructured":"Green, T. R. F. & Rowe, R. K. Quantifying microglial morphology: an insight into function. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 216, 221\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cei\/uxae023 (2024).","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"30648_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.972138","volume":"16","author":"TRF Green","year":"2022","unstructured":"Green, T. R. F., Murphy, S. M., Moreno-Montano, M. P., Audinat, E. & Rowe, R. K. Reactive morphology of dividing microglia following Kainic acid administration. Front. Neurosci. 16, 972138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2022.972138 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08446-0","volume":"10","author":"V Bellver-Landete","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bellver-Landete, V. et al. Microglia are an essential component of the neuroprotective Scar that forms after spinal cord injury. Nat. Commun. 10, 518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-08446-0 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"30648_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2005264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2005264","volume":"16","author":"AD Greenhalgh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Greenhalgh, A. D. et al. Peripherally derived macrophages modulate microglial function to reduce inflammation after CNS injury. PLoS Biol. 16, e2005264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.2005264 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"30648_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23147","volume":"65","author":"N Kemmerling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kemmerling, N. et al. Intramembranous processing by gamma-secretase regulates reverse signaling of ephrin-B2 in migration of microglia. Glia 65, 1103\u20131118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/glia.23147 (2017).","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"30648_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03481-9","volume":"22","author":"J Koury","year":"2025","unstructured":"Koury, J. et al. EphB2-mediated ephrin-B reverse signaling on microglia drives an anti-viral, but inflammatory and neurotoxic response associated with HIV. J. Neuroinflammation. 22, 171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03481-9 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.043","volume":"181","author":"MG Coulthard","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coulthard, M. G. et al. Eph\/Ephrin signaling in injury and inflammation. Am. J. Pathol. 181, 1493\u20131503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.06.043 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"30648_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0993-19.2019","volume":"40","author":"I Diaz-Aparicio","year":"2020","unstructured":"Diaz-Aparicio, I. et al. Microglia actively remodel adult hippocampal neurogenesis through the phagocytosis secretome. J. Neurosci. 40, 1453\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0993-19.2019 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5265-10.2011","volume":"31","author":"CA Blaiss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Blaiss, C. A. et al. Temporally specified genetic ablation of neurogenesis impairs cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury. J. Neurosci. 31, 4906\u20134916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5265-10.2011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Willis, E. F. et al. Repopulating Microglia Promote Brain Repair in an IL-6-Dependent Manner. Cell. 180, 833\u2013846 e816 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.013"},{"key":"30648_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1456253","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1456253","volume":"18","author":"I Fruholz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fruholz, I. & Meyer-Luehmann, M. The intricate interplay between microglia and adult neurogenesis in alzheimer\u2019s disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 18, 1456253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fncel.2024.1456253 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.08.014","volume":"7","author":"A Sierra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sierra, A. et al. Microglia shape adult hippocampal neurogenesis through apoptosis-coupled phagocytosis. Cell. Stem Cell. 7, 483\u2013495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2010.08.014 (2010).","journal-title":"Cell. Stem Cell."},{"key":"30648_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16064","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4158-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"ME Tremblay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tremblay, M. E. et al. The role of microglia in the healthy brain. J. Neurosci. 31, 16064\u201316069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4158-11.2011 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"30648_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-019-0409-3","volume":"27","author":"C Scopa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scopa, C. et al. Impaired adult neurogenesis is an early event in alzheimer\u2019s disease neurodegeneration, mediated by intracellular Abeta oligomers. Cell. Death Differ. 27, 934\u2013948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-019-0409-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell. Death Differ."},{"key":"30648_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0375-9","volume":"25","author":"EP Moreno-Jimenez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moreno-Jimenez, E. P. et al. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis is abundant in neurologically healthy subjects and drops sharply in patients with alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nat. Med. 25, 554\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0375-9 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"30648_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13812-z","volume":"10","author":"K Haruwaka","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haruwaka, K. et al. Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation. Nat. Commun. 10, 5816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-019-13812-z (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"30648_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10419-1","volume":"12","author":"A Gottlieb","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gottlieb, A. et al. Time dependent analysis of rat microglial surface markers in traumatic brain injury reveals dynamics of distinct cell subpopulations. Sci. Rep. 12, 6289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-10419-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"30648_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02197-w","volume":"18","author":"BP Todd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Todd, B. P. et al. Traumatic brain injury results in unique microglial and astrocyte transcriptomes enriched for type I interferon response. J. Neuroinflammation. 18, 151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-021-02197-w (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"30648_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-496-8_24","volume":"1032","author":"EK Holl","year":"2013","unstructured":"Holl, E. K. Generation of bone marrow and fetal liver chimeric mice. Methods Mol. Biol. 1032, 315\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-62703-496-8_24 (2013).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"30648_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.240663.118","volume":"29","author":"L Garcia-Alonso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Garcia-Alonso, L., Holland, C. H., Ibrahim, M. M., Turei, D. & Saez-Rodriguez, J. Benchmark and integration of resources for the Estimation of human transcription factor activities. Genome Res. 29, 1363\u20131375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.240663.118 (2019).","journal-title":"Genome Res."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30648-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30648-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30648-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T14:29:18Z","timestamp":1767882558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30648-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["30648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-30648-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7265717\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1036"}}