{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:03:20Z","timestamp":1785801800960,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30708-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T15:25:01Z","timestamp":1764948301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antifungal efficacy of Azadirachta indica and Ficus benghalensis extracts against azole resistant Candida albicans on denture resin"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jacob Mathew","family":"Philip","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishnan","family":"Mahalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen Mary","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"Sankari Sankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"30708_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572008000200002","volume":"16","author":"T Pereira-Cenci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pereira-Cenci, T., Bel Cury, D., Crielaard, A. A., Ten Cate, J. M. & W. & Development of Candida-associated denture stomatitis: new insights. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 16, 86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1678-77572008000200002 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"30708_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.18.5385-5394.2001","volume":"183","author":"J Chandra","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chandra, J. et al. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance. J. Bacteriol. 183, 5385\u20135394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.183.18.5385-5394.2001 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"30708_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.1997.00659.x","volume":"24","author":"Y Kulak","year":"1997","unstructured":"Kulak, Y., Arikan, A. & Kazazoglu, E. Existence of Candida albicans and microorganisms in denture stomatitis patients. J. Oral Rehabil. 24, 788\u2013790. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2842.1997.00659.x (1997).","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"30708_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(09)60123-6","volume":"102","author":"AL Machado","year":"2009","unstructured":"Machado, A. L., Breeding, L. C., Vergani, C. E. & da Perez, C. Hardness and surface roughness of Reline and denture base acrylic resins after repeated disinfection procedures. J. Prosthet. Dent. 102, 115\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3913(09)60123-6 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"30708_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1590\/1677-3225v13n3a13","volume":"13","author":"RS Surya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Surya, R. S. & Balsaraf, K. D. Antifungal efficacy of Azadirachta indica (neem) \u2013 an in vitro study. Braz J. Oral Sci. 13, 242\u2013245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1677-3225v13n3a13 (2014).","journal-title":"Braz J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"30708_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.11.007","volume":"51","author":"SR Polaquini","year":"2006","unstructured":"Polaquini, S. R., Svidzinski, T. I., Kemmelmeier, C. & Gasparetto, A. Effect of aqueous extract from Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on hydrophobicity, biofilm formation and adhesion in composite resin by Candida albicans. Arch. Oral Biol. 51, 482\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2005.11.007 (2006).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"30708_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.78519","volume":"72","author":"M Gayathri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gayathri, M. & Kannabiran, K. Antimicrobial activity of Hemidesmus indicus, Ficus benghalensis, and Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 72, 641\u2013643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0250-474X.78519 (2010).","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"30708_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01585","volume":"19","author":"C Bitwell","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bitwell, C., Indra, S. S., Luke, C. & Kakoma, M. K. A review of modern and conventional extraction techniques and their applications for extracting phytochemicals from plants. Sci. Afr. 19, e01585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sciaf.2023.e01585 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"30708_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_175_19","volume":"12","author":"AR Abubakar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abubakar, A. R. & Haque, M. Preparation of medicinal plants: basic extraction and fractionation procedures for experimental purposes. J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 12, 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_175_19 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"30708_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.4489\/MYCO.2010.38.4.328","volume":"38","author":"JA Lee","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lee, J. A. & Chee, H. Y. In vitro antifungal activity of equol against Candida albicans. Mycobiology 38, 328\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4489\/MYCO.2010.38.4.328 (2010).","journal-title":"Mycobiology"},{"key":"30708_CR11","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts; approved standard, 3rd ed. CLSI document M27-A3. CLSI, (Wayne, PA, 2008)."},{"key":"30708_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4103\/jioh.jioh_62_22","volume":"15","author":"MAA Ismaeil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ismaeil, M. A. A. & Ebrahim, M. I. Antifungal effect of acrylic resin denture base containing different types of nanomaterials: a comparative study. J. Int. Oral Health. 15, 78\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jioh.jioh_62_22 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Int. Oral Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"30708_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(61)90173-1","volume":"11","author":"KR Marcroft","year":"1961","unstructured":"Marcroft, K. R., Tencate, R. L. & Hurst, W. W. Use of a layered silicone rubber mold technique for denture processing. J. Prosthet. Dent. 11 (4), 657\u2013664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3913(61)90173-1 (1961).","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"30708_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(51)90040-6","volume":"1","author":"DB Mahler","year":"1951","unstructured":"Mahler, D. B. Inarticulation of complete dentures processed by the compression molding technique. J. Prosthet. Dent. 1, 551\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3913(51)90040-6 (1951).","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"30708_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-237X.114844","volume":"4","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh, S., Palaskar, J. N. & Mittal, S. Comparative evaluation of surface porosities in conventional heat-polymerized acrylic resin cured by water bath and microwave energy with microwavable acrylic resin cured by microwave energy. Contemp. Clin. Dent. 4, 147\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0976-237X.114844 (2013).","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"30708_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(80)90075-8","volume":"25","author":"LP Samaranayake","year":"1980","unstructured":"Samaranayake, L. P. & MacFarlane, T. W. An in vitro study of the adherence of Candida albicans to acrylic surfaces. Arch. Oral Biol. 25, 603\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-9969(80)90075-8 (1980).","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"30708_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14827","volume":"52","author":"TM Nolff","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nolff, T. M. et al. The role of gram stain in differentiating superficial cutaneous fungal organisms. J. Cutan. Pathol. 52, 511\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cup.14827 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"30708_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioflm.2024.100187","volume":"7","author":"J Redfern","year":"2024","unstructured":"Redfern, J. et al. Critical analysis of methods to determine growth, control and analysis of biofilms for potential non-submerged antibiofilm surfaces and coatings. Biofilm 7, 100187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioflm.2024.100187 (2024).","journal-title":"Biofilm"},{"issue":"11","key":"30708_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3209","volume":"22","author":"M Darwish","year":"2021","unstructured":"Darwish, M. et al. Effect of denture adhesives on adhesion of Candida albicans to denture base materials: an in vitro study. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 22 (11), 1257\u20131261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3209 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"30708_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000500014","volume":"20","author":"J Marra","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marra, J. et al. Effect of an acrylic resin combined with an antimicrobial polymer on biofilm formation. J. Appl. Oral Sci. 20, 643\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1678-77572012000500014 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral Sci."},{"key":"30708_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2011.00698.x","volume":"20","author":"L Gendreau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gendreau, L. & Loewy, Z. G. Epidemiology and etiology of denture stomatitis. J. Prosthodont. 20, 251\u2013260. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2011.00698.x (2011).","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont."},{"key":"30708_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00181-0","volume":"2","author":"D Sanglard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sanglard, D. & Odds, F. C. Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: molecular mechanisms and clinical consequences. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2, 73\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00181-0 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"30708_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00202","volume":"5","author":"R Prasad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prasad, R. & Rawal, M. K. Efflux pump proteins in antifungal resistance. Front. Pharmacol. 5, 202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2014.00202 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"30708_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1128242","volume":"313","author":"A Selmecki","year":"2006","unstructured":"Selmecki, A., Forche, A. & Berman, J. Aneuploidy and isochromosome formation in drug-resistant Candida albicans. Science 313, 367\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1128242 (2006).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"30708_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000300003","volume":"42","author":"DA Mahmoud","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mahmoud, D. A., Hassanein, N. M., Youssef, K. A. & Abou Zeid, M. A. Antifungal activity of different Neem leaf extracts and Nimonol against some important human pathogens. Braz J. Microbiol. 42, 1007\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1517-83822011000300003 (2011).","journal-title":"Braz J. Microbiol."},{"key":"30708_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.183135","volume":"27","author":"H Sharma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sharma, H. et al. Antifungal efficacy of three medicinal plants against oral Candida albicans: a comparative analysis. Indian J. Dent. Res. 27, 433\u2013436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-9290.183135 (2016).","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"30708_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar, S. & Pandey, A. K. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Sci. World J. 2013, 162750 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/162750 (2013).","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750"},{"key":"30708_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1227","volume":"13","author":"VK Chava","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chava, V. K., Manjunath, S. M., Rajanikanth, A. V. & Sridevi, N. The efficacy of Neem extract on four microorganisms responsible for causing dental caries. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 13, 769\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1227 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"30708_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alzohairy, M. A. Therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica (neem) and their active constituents in disease prevention and treatment. Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med. 2016, 7382506 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/7382506 (2016).","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7382506"},{"key":"30708_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00395-6","volume":"79","author":"MM Parida","year":"2002","unstructured":"Parida, M. M., Upadhyay, C., Pandya, G. & Jana, A. M. Inhibitory potential of Neem (Azadirachta indica Juss) leaves on dengue virus type-2 replication. J. Ethnopharmacol. 79, 273\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-8741(01)00395-6 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"30708_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.55649","volume":"11","author":"SK Hamid","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamid, S. K., Al-Dubayan, A. H., Al-Awami, H., Khan, S. Q. & Gad, M. M. In vitro assessment of the antifungal effects of Neem powder added to polymethyl methacrylate denture base material. J. Clin. Exp. Dent. 11, e170\u2013e178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.55649 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"30708_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-020-02987-7","volume":"20","author":"R Islam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Islam, R. et al. Antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of Neem (Azadirachta indica) against multidrug-resistant pathogens. BMC Complement. Med. Ther. 20, 184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-020-02987-7 (2020).","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Med. Ther."},{"key":"30708_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.06.050","volume":"76","author":"R Pavela","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pavela, R. Essential oils for the development of eco-friendly mosquito larvicides: a review. Ind. Crops Prod. 76, 174\u2013181. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2015.06.050 (2015).","journal-title":"Ind. Crops Prod."},{"key":"30708_CR34","first-page":"204","volume":"6","author":"BB Sujatha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sujatha, B. B., Antony, J. E., Nazeem, P. A. & Jeeva, S. Antibacterial and antifungal activities of Azadirachta indica (neem) root extract. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 6, 204\u2013207 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"30708_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.04.001","volume":"49","author":"RA Oliveira","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oliveira, R. A., De Paula, L. G., Vieira, C. H. & Silva Antifungal potential of Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extracts against alternaria spp. Braz J. Microbiol. 49, 243\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.04.001 (2018).","journal-title":"Braz J. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30708-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30708-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30708-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:02:01Z","timestamp":1765483321000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-30708-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["30708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-30708-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43567"}}