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This study establishes a systematic modeling framework for interpreting CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    adsorption on activated hydrochars derived from banana and orange peels synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization. Multiple kinetic and isotherm models were evaluated using both the coefficient of determination (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\:{R}^{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and the Akaike Information Criterion (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\:AIC$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) to ensure robust comparison. Kinetic analyses revealed that the pseudo-second-order model (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\:{R}^{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    = 0.997, lowest\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\:AIC$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) and Elovich model best describe the uptake behavior, indicating chemisorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Equilibrium data were most consistent with the T\u00f3th and Sips models (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$\\:{R}^{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    &gt; 0.99), supporting monolayer adsorption coupled with micropore filling. By combining statistical rigor with mechanistic interpretation, this work advances understanding of the adsorption mechanisms of fruit waste-derived hydrochars and highlights their promise as scalable and sustainable sorbents for CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    capture.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-30726-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T02:25:23Z","timestamp":1764901523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["CO2 uptake on fruit wastes-derived activated hydrochars: systematic modeling of adsorption kinetics and isotherms"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sooraj","family":"Mohan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Ashwini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Dinesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"30726_CR1","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency. 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