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The research is based entirely on the secondary analysis of three publicly available benchmark datasets (UCSD Ped2, CUHK Avenue, and ShanghaiTech). These datasets were collected by previous researchers in public surveillance settings and have been released for academic research purposes. According to the policies of our institution and standard practices in the field, specific ethical approval was not required for this secondary analysis of public data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The images presented in this manuscript are sample frames from publicly available benchmark datasets. All figures present full-frame surveillance views where individuals are not identifiable due to the inherent low resolution and distance of the camera setup. No personally identifiable information (such as names or specific dates of birth) is included. As the data consists of surveillance footage from public spaces used widely in the scientific community, and no individuals were recruited specifically for this study, specific consent for publication is not applicable beyond the original terms of the dataset release.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"1187"}}