{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:23:47Z","timestamp":1793744627807,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Joint Founds for the innovation of science and Technology","award":["2017Y9047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017Y9047"]}]},{"name":"Guiding project of science and technology department of Fujian province","award":["2017Y0038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017Y0038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31111-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T21:47:27Z","timestamp":1764712047000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between group-based trajectory modeling of blood glucose and acute delirium incidence in critically ill patients: a retrospective cohort study based on the MIMIC-IV database"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Binbin","family":"Guan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijing","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingze","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9920","key":"31111_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1","volume":"383","author":"SK Inouye","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inouye, S. K., Westendorp, R. G. & Saczynski, J. S. Delirium in elderly people. Lancet 383(9920), 911\u2013922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60688-1 (2014).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"31111_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07287-9","volume":"50","author":"M Egi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Egi, M. et al. Glycemic variability and brain injury in critical illness: A mechanistic review. Intensive Care Med. 50(2), 189\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-023-07287-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"31111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005743","volume":"51","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, Y. J. et al. Glycemic variability and delirium in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit. Care Med. 51(3), 489\u2013497. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000005743 (2023).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"31111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1657","volume":"31","author":"L Monnier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Monnier, L. et al. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is a major determinant of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients. Diabetes Care. 31(3), 572\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc07-1657 (2008).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"19","key":"31111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200111083451901","volume":"345","author":"G Van den Berghe","year":"2001","unstructured":"Van den Berghe, G. et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 345(19), 1359\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJM200111083451901 (2001).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"31111_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.10","volume":"140","author":"MT Egi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Egi, M. T., Finfer, S. & Bellomo, R. Glycemic control in the ICU. Chest 140(1), 212\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1378\/chest.10 (2011).","journal-title":"Chest"},{"issue":"9","key":"31111_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0183894","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183894","volume":"12","author":"YS Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim, Y. S. et al. Range of glucose as a glycemic variability and 3 - month outcome in diabetic patients with acute ischemic stroke. PLoS ONE. 12(9), e0183894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0183894 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"31111_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000625","volume":"43","author":"I Zaal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zaal, I. et al. A systematic review of risk factors for delirium in the ICU. Crit. Care Med. 43(1), 40\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000625 (2015).","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"31111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0205637","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205637","volume":"13","author":"K Keulen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keulen, K. et al. Glucose variability during delirium in diabetic and non - diabetic intensive care unit patients: A prospective cohort study. PLoS ONE. 13(11), e0205637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0205637 (2018).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"31111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1177\/147323000703500511","volume":"35","author":"A Heymann","year":"2007","unstructured":"Heymann, A., Sander, M., Krahne, D., Brunkhorst, F. M. & Sprung, C. L. Hyperactive delirium and blood glucose control in critically ill patients. J. Int. Med. Res. 35(5), 674\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/147323000703500511 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"31111_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai, W. et al. Association of glycemic variability with death and severe consciousness disturbance among critically ill patients with cerebrovascular disease. Cardiovasc. Diabetol.  22(1), 315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-02048-3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02048-3"},{"key":"31111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hsieh, C. F. et al. Acute glucose fluctuation impacts microglial activity, leading to inflammatory activation or self-degradation. Sci. Rep., 9(1), 840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-37215-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37215-0"},{"key":"31111_CR13","unstructured":"Kealy, J. et al. Acute inflammation alters brain energy metabolism in mice and humans: role in suppressed spontaneous activity, impaired cognition, and delirium. J. Neurosci. 40(28), 5545\u20135557."},{"key":"31111_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01027","volume":"13","author":"I Krasil\u2019nikova","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krasil\u2019nikova, I. et al. Insulin protects cortical neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity. Front. NeuroSci. 13, 1027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2019.01027 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. NeuroSci."},{"issue":"3","key":"31111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00310.2015","volume":"114","author":"CR Boychuk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boychuk, C. R. et al. Glucose sensing by GABAergic neurons in the mouse nucleus tractus solitarii. J. Neurophysiol. 114(3), 1634\u20131643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/jn.00310.2015 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"31111_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jhou, H. J., Chen, P. H., Yang, L. Y., Chang, S. H., Lee, C. H. Plasma anion gap and risk of in-hospital mortality in patients with acute ischemic stroke: analysis from the MIMIC-IV database. J Pers Med 11, 1004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm11101004 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11101004"},{"key":"31111_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ely, E. W., Inouye, S. K., Bernard, G. R., Gordon, S., Francis, J., May, L., et al. Delirium in mechanically ventilated patients: validity and reliability of the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit (CAM-ICU). JAMA 286, 2703\u20132710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703 (2001).","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.286.21.2703"},{"key":"31111_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T. J., Chung, Y. W., Chang, H. R., Chen, P. Y., Wu, C. R., Hsieh, S. H., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the CAM-ICU and ICDSC in detecting intensive care unit delirium: a bivariate meta-analysis. Int J Nurs Stud. 113, 103782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103782 (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2020.103782"},{"key":"31111_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lennon, H. et al. Framework to construct and interpret latent class trajectory modelling. BMJ Open 8, e020683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020683 (2018).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020683"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31111-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31111-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31111-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:49:10Z","timestamp":1777114150000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31111-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31111-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44676"}}