{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:06:20Z","timestamp":1787727980912,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":31,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carelight Limited, UK","award":["Self funded"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Self funded"]}]},{"name":"Carelight Limited, UK","award":["Self funded"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Self funded"]}]},{"name":"Carelight Limited, UK","award":["Self funded"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Self funded"]}]},{"name":"Carelight Limited, UK","award":["Self funded"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Self funded"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31116-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T12:46:06Z","timestamp":1765629966000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multispectral optoelectronic sensor to detect peripheral blood pulsatile variations with equivalent performance in light, medium and dark skin tones"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sijung","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasmin","family":"Elsahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent M.","family":"Dwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"31116_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2023.08.018","volume":"38","author":"D Angela","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angela, D. et al. Limitations in the Use of Pulse Oximetry in Patients of Color. J. PeriAnesthesia Nursing 38, 943\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jopan.2023.08.018 (2023).","journal-title":"J. PeriAnesthesia Nursing"},{"key":"31116_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-024-00089-6","author":"A Oza","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oza, A. Fingertip oxygen sensors can fail on dark skin - now a physician is suing. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-024-00089-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"31116_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644e648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.07.005","volume":"131","author":"AM Cabanas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cabanas, A. M. et al. Improving pulse oximetry accuracy in dark-skinned patients: technical aspects and current regulations. British J. Anaesthesia 131(4), 644e648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bja.2023.07.005 (2023).","journal-title":"British J. Anaesthesia"},{"key":"31116_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01515-1","volume":"43","author":"CL Groomes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Groomes, C. L. et al. Increased risk of pulse oximeter bias in Black versus White preterm infants. J Perinatology 43, 546\u2013549. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41372-022-01515-1 (2023).","journal-title":"J Perinatology"},{"key":"31116_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2023.12.006","volume":"50","author":"M Sharma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharma, M. et al. Racial and skin color mediated disparities in pulse oximetry in infants and young children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 50, 62\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prrv.2023.12.006 (2024).","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"31116_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.09795","volume":"67","author":"OE Okunlola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okunlola, O. E. et al. Pulse Oximeter Performance, Racial Inequity, and the Work Ahead. Respir Care 67(2), 252\u2013257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4187\/respcare.09795 (2022).","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"25","key":"31116_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2029240","volume":"383","author":"MW Sjoding","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sjoding, M. W. et al. Racial Bias in Pulse Oximetry Measurement. N Engl J Med. 383(25), 2477\u20132478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc2029240 (2020).","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"31116_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-03161-1","volume":"610","author":"MD Keller","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keller, M. D. et al. Skin colour affects the accuracy of medical oxygen sensors. Nature. 610, 449\u2013451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-022-03161-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Nature."},{"issue":"7","key":"31116_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.1906","volume":"182","author":"A Fawzy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fawzy, A. et al. Racial and Ethnic Discrepancy in Pulse Oximetry and Delayed Identification of Treatment Eligibility Among Patients With COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 182(7), 730\u2013738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2022.1906 (2022).","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"issue":"31","key":"31116_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202302752","volume":"10","author":"JV Dcosta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dcosta, J. V. et al. Recent Progress in Flexible and Wearable All Organic Photoplethysmography Sensors for SpO2 Monitoring. Adv Sci (Weinh). 10(31), e2302752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202302752 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)."},{"issue":"2","key":"31116_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.02.075","volume":"80","author":"CT Klodell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klodell, C. T. et al. Oximetry-derived perfusion index for intraoperative identification of successful thoracic sympathectomy. Ann Thorac Surg. 80(2), 467\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2005.02.075 (2005).","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg."},{"issue":"9","key":"31116_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1133","DOI":"10.1097\/CCE.0000000000001133","volume":"6","author":"S Hao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hao, S. et al. Utility of Skin Tone on Pulse Oximetry in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Cohort Study. Crit Care Explor. 6(9), e1133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CCE.0000000000001133 (2024).","journal-title":"Crit Care Explor."},{"issue":"1","key":"31116_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01176-8","volume":"7","author":"VR Weir","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weir, V. R. et al. A survey of skin tone assessment in prospective research. NPJ Digit Med. 7(1), 191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-024-01176-8 (2024).","journal-title":"NPJ Digit Med."},{"key":"31116_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-023-04144-6","author":"M Kozlov","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kozlov, M. Crackdown on skin-colour bias by fingertip oxygen sensors is coming, hints FDA. Nature https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-04144-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"31116_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1925250","volume":"10","author":"DE Myers","year":"2005","unstructured":"Myers, D. E. et al. Noninvasive method for measuring local hemoglobin oxygen saturation in tissue using wide gap second derivative near-infrared spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 10(3), 034017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.1925250 (2005).","journal-title":"J Biomed Opt."},{"issue":"1","key":"31116_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00550-7","volume":"4","author":"S Vasudevan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vasudevan, S. et al. Melanometry for objective evaluation of skin pigmentation in pulse oximetry studies. Commun Med (Lond). 4(1), 138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-024-00550-7 (2024).","journal-title":"Commun Med (Lond)."},{"issue":"1","key":"31116_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.29.1.010901","volume":"29","author":"K Setchfield","year":"2024","unstructured":"Setchfield, K. et al. Effect of skin color on optical properties and the implications for medical optical technologies: a review. J. Biomed Optics 29(1), 010901. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.29.1.010901 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Biomed Optics"},{"key":"31116_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martelli, F. et al. Light Propagation through Biological Tissue and Other Diffusive Media: Theory, Solutions, and Validation. 2nd Edition, SPIE Press, P.O. Box 10, Bellingham, Washington 98227-0010 USA, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/3.2624517 (2022).","DOI":"10.1117\/3.2624517"},{"key":"31116_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0056-2_8","volume":"413","author":"G S\u00f6lkner","year":"1997","unstructured":"S\u00f6lkner, G. et al. Spatial resolution enhancement through time gated measurements. Adv Exp Med Biol. 413, 75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4899-0056-2_8 (1997).","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol."},{"issue":"8","key":"31116_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2317-4","volume":"32","author":"C Ash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ash, C. et al. Effect of wavelength and beam width on penetration in light-tissue interaction using computational methods. Lasers Med Sci. 32(8), 1909\u20131918. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10103-017-2317-4 (2017).","journal-title":"Lasers Med Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"31116_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1145\/3632120","volume":"28","author":"CM Heldreth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Heldreth, C. M. et al. Which Skin Tone Measures Are the Most Inclusive? An Investigation of Skin Tone Measures for Artificial Intelligence. ACM J. 28(4), 596\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3632120 (2022).","journal-title":"ACM J."},{"key":"31116_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun, X., et al., Peripheral perfusion index of pulse oximetry in adult patients: a narrative revie, Euro J Med Res 29 (457) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40001-024-02048-3.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-02048-3"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31116-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31116-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31116-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T23:03:11Z","timestamp":1768345391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31116-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31116-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"SH, YE, JH and VMD, own equity in Carelight Limited,\u00a0UK, and hold patents (US10327652B2, GB2522298B, US10327652B2, ES2974938T3,\u00a0WO2015056007A1, EP3057497B1, JP6548639B2, HK1219642A; GB2622396A, 2022,\u00a0WO2024056991A2, WIPO (PCT), 2024) associated with this company. SH, YE, JH and VMD declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"12 subjects consented to participate in the hypoxia study with a protocol (KYLL-20240801A) approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Shenzhen University General Hospital, China.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}}],"article-number":"1635"}}