{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:40:52Z","timestamp":1788414052740,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":32,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31236-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T06:35:36Z","timestamp":1765521336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation of the occipitotemporal cortex enhances identification of ambiguous faces"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-3056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Javad","family":"Saghravanian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1381-5809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hossein","family":"Esteky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"31236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144220","volume":"27","author":"K Grill-Spector","year":"2004","unstructured":"Grill-Spector, K. & Malach, R. The human visual cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 27, 649\u2013677 (2004).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01482-0","volume":"4","author":"JV Haxby","year":"2000","unstructured":"Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A. & Gobbini, M. I. The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trend. Cogn. Sci. 4, 223\u2013233 (2000).","journal-title":"Trend. Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"31236_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J. & Chun, M.M. The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997).","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997"},{"key":"31236_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2579-1","volume":"209","author":"D Pitcher","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pitcher, D., Walsh, V. & Duchaine, B. The role of the occipital face area in the cortical face perception network. Exp. brain Res. 209, 481\u2013493 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. brain Res."},{"key":"31236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1449-20.2020","volume":"41","author":"M Tsantani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsantani, M. et al. FFA and OFA encode distinct types of face identity information. J. Neurosci. 41, 1952\u20131969 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.012","volume":"43","author":"T Ganel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ganel, T., Valyear, K. F., Goshen-Gottstein, Y. & Goodale, M. A. The involvement of the \u2018fusiform face area\u2019 in processing facial expression. Neuropsychologia 43, 1645\u20131654 (2005).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"31236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2188","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02188.1998","volume":"18","author":"A Puce","year":"1998","unstructured":"Puce, A., Allison, T., Bentin, S., Gore, J. C. & McCarthy, G. Temporal cortex activation in humans viewing eye and mouth movements. J. Neurosci. 18, 2188\u20132199 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(02)00146-X","volume":"41","author":"KA Pelphrey","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pelphrey, K. A., Singerman, J. D., Allison, T. & McCarthy, G. Brain activation evoked by perception of gaze shifts: The influence of context. Neuropsychologia 41, 156\u2013170 (2003).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"31236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00155.2004","volume":"92","author":"JS Winston","year":"2004","unstructured":"Winston, J. S., Henson, R. N. A., Fine-Goulden, M. R. & Dolan, R. J. fMRI-adaptation reveals dissociable neural representations of identity and expression in face perception. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 1830\u20131839 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"31236_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14915","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2609-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"J Parvizi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Parvizi, J. et al. Electrical stimulation of human fusiform face-selective regions distorts face perception. J. Neurosci. 32, 14915\u201314920 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12828","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0527-14.2014","volume":"34","author":"V Rangarajan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rangarajan, V. et al. Electrical stimulation of the left and right human fusiform gyrus causes different effects in conscious face perception. J. Neurosci. 34, 12828\u201312836 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/9.5.445","volume":"9","author":"A Puce","year":"1999","unstructured":"Puce, A., Allison, T. & McCarthy, G. Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. III: Effects of top-down processing on face-specific potentials. Cereb. Cortex 9, 445\u2013458 (1999).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"31236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04982","volume":"442","author":"SR Afraz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Afraz, S. R., Kiani, R. & Esteky, H. Microstimulation of inferotemporal cortex influences face categorization. Nature 442, 692\u2013695 (2006).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"20","key":"31236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4527","volume":"205","author":"S Moeller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moeller, S., Crapse, T., Chang, L. & Tsao, D. Y. (2017) The effect of face patch microstimulation on perception of faces and objects. Nat. Neurosci. 205(20), 743\u2013752 (2017).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115772","volume":"9","author":"L-Z Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang, L.-Z. et al. Electrical stimulation over bilateral occipito-temporal regions reduces n170 in the right hemisphere and the composite face effect. PLoS ONE 9, e115772 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"31236_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.030","volume":"81","author":"M Barbieri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barbieri, M., Negrini, M., Nitsche, M. A. & Rivolta, D. Anodal-tDCS over the human right occipital cortex enhances the perception and memory of both faces and objects. Neuropsychologia 81, 238\u2013244 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"31236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Willis, M.L., Costantino, A.I., Nitsche, M.A., Palermo, R. & Rivolta, D. Anodal tDCS and high-frequency tRNS targeting the occipitotemporal cortex do not always enhance face perception. Front. Neurosci. 13 (2019).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00078"},{"key":"31236_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.704880","volume":"15","author":"D Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, D., Zhang, P., Liu, N., Sun, K. & Xiao, W. Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation over the left fusiform face area on face view discrimination depend on the individual baseline performance. Front. Neurosci. 15, 704880 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00661","volume":"11","author":"AI Costantino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Costantino, A. I. et al. Preliminary evidence of \u2018other-race effect\u2019-like behavior induced by cathodal-tDCS over the right occipital cortex, in the absence of overall effects on face\/object processing. Front. Neurosci. 11, 318924 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2023.2263924","volume":"18","author":"SK Kho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kho, S. K., Keeble, D., Wong, H. K. & Estudillo, A. J. Null effect of anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on own- and other-race face recognition. Soc. Neurosci. 18, 393\u2013406 (2023).","journal-title":"Soc. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2022.113927","volume":"430","author":"GD Lavezzi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lavezzi, G. D., Sanz Galan, S., Andersen, H., Tomer, D. & Cacciamani, L. The effects of tDCS on object perception: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav. Brain Res. 430, 113927 (2022).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"31236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(62)90056-0","volume":"5","author":"OD Creutzfeldt","year":"1962","unstructured":"Creutzfeldt, O. D., Fromm, G. H. & Kapp, H. Influence of transcortical d-c currents on cortical neuronal activity. Exp. Neurol. 5, 436\u2013452 (1962).","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"31236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.247171","volume":"591","author":"A Rahman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rahman, A. et al. Cellular effects of acute direct current stimulation: Somatic and synaptic terminal effects. J. Physiol. 591, 2563\u20132578 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"31236_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858410386614","volume":"17","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stagg, C. J. & Nitsche, M. A. Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuroscientist 17, 37\u201353 (2011).","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"31236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2010.07092.x","volume":"31","author":"M Cambiaghi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cambiaghi, M. et al. Brain transcranial direct current stimulation modulates motor excitability in mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 31, 704\u2013709 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanaka T. et al. Electrophysiological effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on neural activity in the rat motor cortex. Front. Neurosci. 14 (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00495"},{"key":"31236_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2016.08.016","volume":"127","author":"MP Jackson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jackson, M. P. et al. Animal models of transcranial direct current stimulation: Methods and mechanisms. Clin. Neurophysiol. 127, 3425\u20133454 (2016).","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"31236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.049916","volume":"553","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Pharmacological modulation of cortical excitability shifts induced by transcranial direct current stimulation in humans. J. Physiol. 553, 293\u2013301 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"31236_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03398.x","volume":"19","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. GABAergic modulation of DC stimulation-induced motor cortex excitability shifts in humans. Eur. J. Neurosci. 19, 2720\u20132726 (2004).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.03.035","volume":"66","author":"B Fritsch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fritsch, B. et al. Direct current stimulation promotes BDNF-dependent synaptic plasticity: Potential implications for motor learning. Neuron 66, 198\u2013204 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"31236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5202","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4432-08.2009","volume":"29","author":"CJ Stagg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stagg, C. J. et al. Polarity-sensitive modulation of cortical neurotransmitters by transcranial stimulation. J. Neurosci. 29, 5202\u20135206 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2017.01.006","volume":"113","author":"TT Bruny\u00e9","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bruny\u00e9, T. T., Moran, J. M., Holmes, A., Mahoney, C. R. & Taylor, H. A. Non-invasive brain stimulation targeting the right fusiform gyrus selectively increases working memory for faces. Brain Cogn. 113, 32\u201339 (2017).","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"31236_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.015","volume":"64","author":"LY Tseng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tseng, L. Y. et al. The role of superior temporal sulcus in the control of irrelevant emotional face processing: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Neuropsychologia 64, 124\u2013133 (2014).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"31236_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-017-4932-5","volume":"235","author":"M Manfredi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Manfredi, M. et al. tDCS application over the STG improves the ability to recognize and appreciate elements involved in humor processing. Exp. brain Res. 235, 1843\u20131852 (2017).","journal-title":"Exp. brain Res."},{"key":"31236_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kho, S. K., Keeble, D. R. T., Wong, H. K. & Estudillo, A. J. Investigating the role of the fusiform face area and occipital face area using multifocal transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuropsychologia 189 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108663"},{"key":"31236_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000127","volume":"29","author":"C Renzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Renzi, C. et al. The role of the occipital face area in holistic processing involved in face detection and discrimination: A tDCS study. Neuropsychology 29, 409\u2013416 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"31236_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1167\/11.2.16","volume":"11","author":"B Rossion","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rossion, B. & Boremanse, A. Robust sensitivity to facial identity in the right human occipito-temporal cortex as revealed by steady-state visual-evoked potentials. J. Vis. 11, 16\u201316 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Vis."},{"key":"31236_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02370-0","volume":"227","author":"B Rossion","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rossion, B. & Lochy, A. Is human face recognition lateralized to the right hemisphere due to neural competition with left-lateralized visual word recognition?. Crit. Rev. Brain Struct. Funct. 227, 599\u2013629 (2022).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"31236_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5205","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05205.1996","volume":"16","author":"A Puce","year":"1996","unstructured":"Puce, A., Allison, T., Asgari, M., Gore, J. C. & McCarthy, G. Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letterstrings, and textures: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. J. Neurosci. 16, 5205\u20135215 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa022","volume":"30","author":"S Hagen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hagen, S. et al. Spatially dissociated intracerebral maps for face- and house-selective activity in the human ventral occipito-temporal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 30, 4026\u20134043 (2020).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"31236_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergent, J., Ohta, S., Macdonald, B. Functional neuroanatomy of face and object processing: A positron emission tomography study. Brain 115 (1992).","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/115.1.15"},{"key":"31236_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-019-01896-0","volume":"82","author":"MT Harrison","year":"2020","unstructured":"Harrison, M. T. & Strother, L. Does right hemisphere superiority sufficiently explain the left visual field advantage in face recognition?. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 82, 1205\u20131220 (2020).","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"31236_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00196","volume":"24","author":"SC Verosky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verosky, S. C. & Turk-Browne, N. B. Representations of facial identity in the left hemisphere require right hemisphere processing. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 24, 1006\u20131017 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903321593162","volume":"15","author":"G Yovel","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yovel, G., Levy, J., Grabowecky, M. & Paller, K. A. Neural correlates of the left-visual-field superiority in face perception appear at multiple stages of face processing. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15, 462\u2013474 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.08.029","volume":"133","author":"SG Brederoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brederoo, S. G. et al. Towards a unified understanding of lateralized vision: A large-scale study investigating principles governing patterns of lateralization using a heterogeneous sample. Cortex 133, 201\u2013214 (2020).","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"31236_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3679","volume":"15","author":"RM Willems","year":"2014","unstructured":"Willems, R. M., Van Der Haegen, L., Fisher, S. E. & Francks, C. On the other hand: Including left-handers in cognitive neuroscience and neurogenetics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 15, 193\u2013201 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thome I. et al. Let\u2019s face it: The lateralization of the face perception network as measured with fMRI is not clearly right dominant. Neuroimage 263 (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2022.119587"},{"key":"31236_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-102016-061214","volume":"3","author":"K Grill-Spector","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grill-Spector, K., Weiner, K. S., Kay, K. & Gomez, J. The functional neuroanatomy of human face perception. Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. 3, 167\u2013196 (2017).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"31236_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19514","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0809662105","volume":"105","author":"DY Tsao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tsao, D. Y., Moeller, S. & Freiwald, W. A. Comparing face patch systems in macaques and humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 19514\u201319519 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"31236_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2003.055772","volume":"557","author":"M Bikson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bikson, M. et al. Effects of uniform extracellular DC electric fields on excitability in rat hippocampal slices in vitro. J. Physiol. 557, 175\u2013190 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"31236_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00715.2011","volume":"107","author":"AY Kabakov","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kabakov, A. Y., Muller, P. A., Pascual-Leone, A., Jensen, F. E. & Rotenberg, A. Contribution of axonal orientation to pathway-dependent modulation of excitatory transmission by direct current stimulation in isolated rat hippocampus. J. Neurophysiol. 107, 1881\u20131889 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"31236_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x","volume":"527","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Excitability changes induced in the human motor cortex by weak transcranial direct current stimulation. J. Physiol. 527(Pt 3), 633\u2013639 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"31236_CR53","first-page":"1","volume":"71","author":"SP Ruf","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruf, S. P., Fallgatter, A. J. & Plewnia, C. Augmentation of working memory training by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Sci. Reports 71(7), 1\u201311 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Reports"},{"key":"31236_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6212","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0314-07.2007","volume":"27","author":"S Fecteau","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fecteau, S. et al. Activation of prefrontal cortex by transcranial direct current stimulation reduces appetite for risk during ambiguous decision making. J. Neurosci. 27, 6212 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1964.sp007425","volume":"172","author":"LJ Bindman","year":"1964","unstructured":"Bindman, L. J., Lippold, O. C. J. & Redfearn, J. W. T. The action of brief polarizing currents on the cerebral cortex of the rat (1) during current flow and (2) in the production of long-lasting after-effects. J. Physiol. 172, 369\u2013382 (1964).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"31236_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899","volume":"57","author":"MA Nitsche","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology 57, 1899\u20131901 (2001).","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"31236_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730","volume":"591","author":"G Batsikadze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Batsikadze, G., Moliadze, V., Paulus, W., Kuo, M. F. & Nitsche, M. A. Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. J. Physiol. 591, 1987\u20132000 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"31236_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassanzahraee, M., Nitsche, M. A., Zoghi, M. & Jaberzadeh, S. Determination of anodal tDCS intensity threshold for reversal of corticospinal excitability: An investigation for induction of counter-regulatory mechanisms. Sci. Rep. 10 (2020).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72909-4"},{"key":"31236_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2020.02.027","volume":"13","author":"M Hassanzahraee","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hassanzahraee, M., Nitsche, M. A., Zoghi, M. & Jaberzadeh, S. Determination of anodal tDCS duration threshold for reversal of corticospinal excitability: An investigation for induction of counter-regulatory mechanisms. Brain Stimul. 13, 832\u2013839 (2020).","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"31236_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1224-2","volume":"79","author":"RMG Reinhart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Reinhart, R. M. G., Cosman, J. D., Fukuda, K. & Woodman, G. F. Using transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) to understand cognitive processing. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 79, 3 (2017).","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"31236_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4535","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5297-05.2006","volume":"26","author":"B Haider","year":"2006","unstructured":"Haider, B., Duque, A., Hasenstaub, A. R. & McCormick, D. A. Neocortical network activity in vivo is generated through a dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition. J. Neurosci. 26, 4535\u20134545 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00218","volume":"8","author":"N Emadi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Emadi, N., Rajimehr, R. & Esteky, H. High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex improves neural and behavioral discriminability during visual categorization. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8, 105546 (2014).","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712043105","volume":"105","author":"G Hesselmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hesselmann, G., Kell, C. A., Eger, E. & Kleinschmidt, A. Spontaneous local variations in ongoing neural activity bias perceptual decisions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 105, 10984\u201310989 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"31236_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00667.2016","volume":"117","author":"B Noudoost","year":"2017","unstructured":"Noudoost, B., Nategh, N., Clark, K. & Esteky, H. Stimulus context alters neural representations of faces in inferotemporal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 117, 336\u2013347 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"31236_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. et al. Chapter 27 Modulation of cortical excitability by weak direct current stimulation \u2013 technical, safety and functional aspects. In Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (eds. Paulus, W. et al.) vol. 56 255\u2013276 (Elsevier, 2003).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-424X(09)70230-2"},{"key":"31236_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.04.008","volume":"62","author":"B Haider","year":"2009","unstructured":"Haider, B. & McCormick, D. A. Rapid neocortical dynamics: Cellular and network mechanisms. Neuron 62, 171 (2009).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"31236_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4186","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01114.2006","volume":"97","author":"B Haider","year":"2007","unstructured":"Haider, B., Duque, A., Hasenstaub, A. R., Yu, Y. & McCormick, D. A. Enhancement of visual responsiveness by spontaneous local network activity in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 4186\u20134202 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"31236_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.23.1.315","volume":"23","author":"S Kastner","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kastner, S. & Ungerleider, L. G. Mechanisms of visual attention in the human cortex. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 315\u2013341 (2000).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.13556","volume":"45","author":"S Salehi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salehi, S., Dehaqani, M. R. A. & Esteky, H. Low dimensional representation of face space by face-selective inferior temporal neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 45, 1268\u20131278 (2017).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266819","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01250","volume":"9","author":"N Prins","year":"2018","unstructured":"Prins, N. & Kingdom, F. A. A. Applying the model-comparison approach to test specific research hypotheses in psychophysical research using the palamedes toolbox. Front. Psychol. 9, 266819 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"31236_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G. & Buchner, A. G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav. Res. Method. 39, 175\u2013191 (2007).","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Method."},{"key":"31236_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101377","volume":"70","author":"JH Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee, J. H., Lee, T. L. & Kang, N. Transcranial direct current stimulation decreased cognition-related reaction time in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 70, 101377 (2021).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"31236_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hillger, L. A. & Koenig, O. Separable mechanisms in face processing: Evidence from hemispheric specialization. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 3 (1991).","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1991.3.1.42"},{"key":"31236_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacques, C., Rossion, B. The initial representation of individual faces in the right occipito-temporal cortex is holistic: Electrophysiological evidence from the composite face illusion. J. Vis. 9 (2009).","DOI":"10.1167\/9.6.8"},{"key":"31236_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00055","author":"G Gainotti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gainotti, G. & Marra, C. Differential contribution of right and left temporo-occipital and anterior temporal lesions to face recognition disorders. Front. Human Neurosci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00055 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Human Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4334","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhv016","volume":"25","author":"A Romanska","year":"2015","unstructured":"Romanska, A., Rezlescu, C., Susilo, T., Duchaine, B. & Banissy, M. J. High-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation enhances perception of facial identity. Cereb. Cortex 25, 4334 (2015).","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"31236_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estudillo, A. J., Lee, Y. J., \u00c1lvarez-Montesinos, J. A., Garc\u00eda-Orza, J. High-frequency transcranial random noise stimulation enhances unfamiliar face matching of high resolution and pixelated faces. Brain Cogn. 165 (2023).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2022.105937"},{"key":"31236_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noetscher, G. M., Yanamadala, J., Makarov, S. N. Pascual-Leone, A. Comparison of cephalic and extracephalic montages for transcranial direct current stimulation-a numerical study. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 61 (2014).","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2322774"},{"key":"31236_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, S., Dokos, S., Ho, K. A., Loo, C. A computational modelling study of transcranial direct current stimulation montages used in depression. Neuroimage 87 (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.11.015"},{"issue":"12","key":"31236_CR80","first-page":"1","volume":"121","author":"C Civile","year":"2022","unstructured":"Civile, C. & McLaren, I. P. L. (2022) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) eliminates the other-race effect (ORE) indexed by the face inversion effect for own versus other-race faces. Sci. Rep. 121(12), 1\u201310 (2022).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31236_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1037\/xan0000329","volume":"48","author":"C Civile","year":"2022","unstructured":"Civile, C., McLaren, R., Cooke, A. & McLaren, I. P. L. Using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to influence decision criterion in a target detection paradigm. J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Learn. Cogn. 48, 383\u2013395 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Learn. Cogn."},{"key":"31236_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsv057","volume":"10","author":"ML Willis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Willis, M. L., Murphy, J. M., Ridley, N. J. & Vercammen, A. Anodal tDCS targeting the right orbitofrontal cortex enhances facial expression recognition. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 10, 1677\u20131683 (2015).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiridon, M. Kanwisher N. How distributed is visual category information in human occipito-temporal cortex? An fMRI study. Neuron 35 (2002).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(02)00877-2"},{"key":"31236_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-6-23","volume":"6","author":"L Marshall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marshall, L., M\u00f6lle, M., Siebner, H. R. & Born, J. Bifrontal transcranial direct current stimulation slows reaction time in a working memory task. BMC Neurosci. 6, 23 (2005).","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"31236_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-019-05500-7","volume":"237","author":"N Mashal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mashal, N. & Metzuyanim-Gorelick, S. New information on the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on n-back task performance. Exp. brain Res. 237, 1315\u20131324 (2019).","journal-title":"Exp. brain Res."},{"key":"31236_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00045","volume":"2","author":"F Teo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Teo, F., Hoy, K. E., Daskalakis, Z. & Fitzgerald, P. B. Investigating the role of current strength in tdcs modulation of working memory performance in healthy controls. Front. Psychiatr. 2, 45 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatr."},{"key":"31236_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081721","volume":"8","author":"MP Lafontaine","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lafontaine, M. P., Th\u00e9oret, H., Gosselin, F. & Lipp\u00e9, S. Transcranial direct current stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex modulates repetition suppression to unfamiliar faces: An ERP study. PLoS ONE 8, e81721 (2013).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"31236_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108417","volume":"177","author":"K Tsujimoto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsujimoto, K. et al. Neural correlates of spatial attention bias: Changes in functional connectivity in attention networks associated with tDCS. Neuropsychologia 177, 108417 (2022).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"31236_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.06.053","volume":"1349","author":"N Bolognini","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bolognini, N., Fregni, F., Casati, C., Olgiati, E. & Vallar, G. Brain polarization of parietal cortex augments training-induced improvement of visual exploratory and attentional skills. Brain Res. 1349, 76\u201389 (2010).","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"31236_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.028","volume":"74","author":"LB Roy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Roy, L. B., Sparing, R., Fink, G. R. & Hesse, M. D. Modulation of attention functions by anodal tDCS on right PPC. Neuropsychologia 74, 96\u2013107 (2015).","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"31236_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312898121","volume":"121","author":"L Beerendonk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beerendonk, L. et al. A disinhibitory circuit mechanism explains a general principle of peak performance during mid-level arousal. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 121, e2312898121 (2024).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"31236_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10408","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1337-12.2012","volume":"32","author":"F van Ede","year":"2012","unstructured":"van Ede, F., de Lange, F. P. & Maris, E. Attentional cues affect accuracy and reaction time via different cognitive and neural processes. J. Neurosci. 32, 10408\u201310412 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31236-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31236-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31236-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:43:59Z","timestamp":1768473839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31236-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31236-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s); this study followed protocols approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pasargad Institute for Advanced Innovative Solutions (code number: ETH-2023\u201312-1). All experimental procedures were conducted at the National Brain Mapping Lab (NBML), under project number P-402\u2013136.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Informed consent to participate was obtained from all subjects and\/or their legal guardian(s).","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"1681"}}