{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:05:17Z","timestamp":1789005917172,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kids Beating Cancer","award":["Emerging Scientist Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Emerging Scientist Grant"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003287","name":"Rally Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Career Development Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Career Development Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003287","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA284531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA284531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA263000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA263000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA263000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA263000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31340-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T10:15:09Z","timestamp":1765448109000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Structural birth defects and leukemia risk in children with Down syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ching-Ju","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy M.","family":"Schraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja A.","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany M.","family":"Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania A.","family":"Desrosiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chad D.","family":"Huff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda E.","family":"Janitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell S.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eirini","family":"Nestoridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy N.","family":"Nembhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason L.","family":"Salemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Shumate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean Paul","family":"Tanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa M.","family":"Yazdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Scheurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen R.","family":"Rabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Lupo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"31340_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.33.5.387","volume":"33","author":"D Mutton","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mutton, D., Alberman, E. & Hook, E. B. Cytogenetic and epidemiological findings in Down syndrome, England and Wales 1989 to 1993. National Down syndrome cytogenetic register and the association of clinical cytogeneticists. J. Med. Genet. 33, 387\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jmg.33.5.387 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"31340_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.20735","volume":"88","author":"SE Parker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parker, S. E. et al. Updated National birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004\u20132006. Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol. 88, 1008\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdra.20735 (2010).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. A Clin. Mol. Teratol."},{"key":"31340_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1589","volume":"111","author":"CT Mai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mai, C. T. et al. National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2010\u20132014. Birth Defects Res. 111, 1420\u20131435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1589 (2019).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"31340_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-008-0603-8","volume":"125","author":"EG Allen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allen, E. G. et al. Maternal age and risk for trisomy 21 assessed by the origin of chromosome nondisjunction: a report from the Atlanta and National Down Syndrome Projects. Hum. Genet. 125, 41\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-008-0603-8 (2009).","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"31340_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2301","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2301","volume":"116","author":"EB Stallings","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stallings, E. B. et al. National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2016\u20132020. Birth Defects Res. 116, e2301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.2301 (2024).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"31340_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr240","volume":"174","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ghosh, S. et al. Epidemiology of Down syndrome: new insight into the multidimensional interactions among genetic and environmental risk factors in the oocyte. Am. J. Epidemiol. 174, 1009\u20131016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr240 (2011).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"31340_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2005.10.004","volume":"20","author":"SN Van Cleve","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van Cleve, S. N. & Cohen, W. I. Part I: Clinical practice guidelines for children with Down syndrome from birth to 12 years. J. Pediatr. Health Care 20, 47\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pedhc.2005.10.004 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"key":"31340_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19980605)77:5<431::AID-AJMG15>3.0.CO;2-J","volume":"77","author":"CP Torfs","year":"1998","unstructured":"Torfs, C. P. & Christianson, R. E. Anomalies in Down syndrome individuals in a large population-based registry. Am. J. Med. Genet. 77, 431\u2013438 (1998).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"31340_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2015.11.003","volume":"58","author":"C Stoll","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stoll, C., Dott, B., Alembik, Y. & Roth, M. P. Associated congenital anomalies among cases with Down syndrome. Eur. J. Med. Genet. 58, 674\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmg.2015.11.003 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"31340_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(99)05264-2","volume":"355","author":"H Hasle","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hasle, H., Clemmensen, I. H. & Mikkelsen, M. Risks of leukaemia and solid tumours in individuals with Down\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 355, 165\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(99)05264-2 (2000).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"31340_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.1215","volume":"5","author":"PJ Lupo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lupo, P. J. et al. Association Between birth defects and cancer risk among children and adolescents in a population-based assessment of 10 million live births. JAMA Oncol. 5, 1150\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2019.1215 (2019).","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"31340_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.2.608","volume":"91","author":"BJ Lange","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lange, B. J. et al. Distinctive Demography, biology, and outcome of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in children with Down syndrome: children\u2019s cancer group studies 2861 and 2891. Blood 91, 608\u2013615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.V91.2.608 (1998).","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"31340_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0116844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0116844","volume":"10","author":"YS Lee","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lee, Y. S. et al. The risk of cancer in patients with congenital heart disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 10, e0116844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0116844 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"31340_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-07-2630","volume":"17","author":"T Bj\u00f8rge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rge, T., Cnattingius, S., Lie, R. T., Tretli, S. & Engeland, A. Cancer risk in children with birth defects and in their families: A population based cohort study of 5.2 million children from Norway and Sweden. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent. 17, 500\u2013506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.Epi-07-2630 (2008).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prevent."},{"key":"31340_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2016.12.003","volume":"46","author":"SE Carozza","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carozza, S. E. et al. Evaluation of maternal health and labor and delivery conditions as risk factors for childhood leukemias in children with Down syndrome. Cancer Epidemiol. 46, 36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2016.12.003 (2017).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"31340_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491212700407","volume":"127","author":"JL Salemi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salemi, J. L. et al. A comparison of two surveillance strategies for selected birth defects in Florida. Public Health Rep. 127, 391\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003335491212700407 (2012).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"31340_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.96734","author":"HE Asadolah Tanasan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asadolah Tanasan, H. E., Shirdel, S. & Moradi, A. Association of Leukemia and congenital heart disease in patients with Down syndrome. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ijp.96734 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"31340_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34720","volume":"154","author":"PJ Lupo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lupo, P. J. et al. Nonchromosomal birth defects and risk of childhood acute leukemia: An assessment in 15 000 leukemia cases and 46 000 controls from the Childhood Cancer and Leukemia International Consortium. Int. J. Cancer 154, 434\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ijc.34720 (2024).","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"31340_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-022-01940-5","volume":"11","author":"J Mu\u00f1oz-Ortiz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Ortiz, J. et al. Prevalence of ophthalmological manifestations in pediatric and adolescent populations with Down syndrome: A systematic review of the literature. Syst. Rev. 11, 75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13643-022-01940-5 (2022).","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"31340_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-020-02212-9","volume":"140","author":"B Thompson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thompson, B. et al. Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease. Hum Genet. 140, 381\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-020-02212-9 (2021).","journal-title":"Hum Genet."},{"key":"31340_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2015.155","volume":"24","author":"B Deml","year":"2016","unstructured":"Deml, B. et al. Novel mutations in PAX6, OTX2 and NDP in anophthalmia, microphthalmia and coloboma. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 24, 535\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejhg.2015.155 (2016).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"31340_CR22","first-page":"4647","volume":"31","author":"M Pesek","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pesek, M. et al. Clinical significance of hypermethylation status in NSCLC: Evaluation of a 30-gene panel in patients with advanced disease. Anticancer Res. 31, 4647\u20134652 (2011).","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"31340_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-011-0282-2","volume":"33","author":"TA Rauch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rauch, T. A. et al. DNA methylation biomarkers for lung cancer. Tumour. Biol. 33, 287\u2013296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13277-011-0282-2 (2012).","journal-title":"Tumour. Biol."},{"key":"31340_CR24","first-page":"11452","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang, X. et al. Down-regulation of PAX6 by promoter methylation is associated with poor prognosis in non small cell lung cancer. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 8, 11452\u201311457 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"31340_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2014.04.007","volume":"16","author":"R Sacristan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sacristan, R. et al. Molecular classification of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (pTa low-grade, pT1 low-grade, and pT1 high-grade subgroups) using methylation of tumor-suppressor genes. J. Mol. Diagn. 16, 564\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2014.04.007 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"31340_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R101","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr3220","volume":"14","author":"R Kornegoor","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kornegoor, R. et al. Promoter hypermethylation in male breast cancer: analysis by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. Breast Cancer Res. 14, R101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/bcr3220 (2012).","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res."},{"key":"31340_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05690","volume":"446","author":"CG Mullighan","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mullighan, C. G. et al. Genome-wide analysis of genetic alterations in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 446, 758\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature05690 (2007).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"31340_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m4060","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m4060","volume":"371","author":"DS Daltveit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Daltveit, D. S. et al. Cancer risk in individuals with major birth defects: large Nordic population based case-control study among children, adolescents, and adults. BMJ 371, m4060. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m4060 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"31340_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.5270","volume":"10","author":"D Wei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wei, D. et al. GATA5 loss-of-function mutations underlie tetralogy of fallot. Int. J. Med. Sci. 10, 34\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.5270 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"31340_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2024.12379","volume":"27","author":"P Abhinav","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abhinav, P. et al. Somatic GATA4 mutation contributes to tetralogy of Fallot. Exp. Ther. Med. 27, 91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/etm.2024.12379 (2024).","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"31340_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012665","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.1012665","volume":"13","author":"NJ Althali","year":"2022","unstructured":"Althali, N. J. & Hentges, K. E. Genetic insights into non-syndromic Tetralogy of Fallot. Front Physiol. 13, 1012665. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphys.2022.1012665 (2022).","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"31340_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1188","volume":"31","author":"RT Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang, R. T., Xue, S., Xu, Y. J. & Yang, Y. Q. Somatic mutations in the GATA6 gene underlie sporadic tetralogy of Fallot. Int. J. Mol. Med. 31, 51\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2012.1188 (2013).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"31340_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-021-01414-y","volume":"35","author":"AC Boucher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boucher, A. C., Caldwell, K. J., Crispino, J. D. & Flerlage, J. E. Clinical and biological aspects of myeloid leukemia in Down syndrome. Leukemia 35, 3352\u20133360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41375-021-01414-y (2021).","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"31340_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.001","volume":"234","author":"EC Marlow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marlow, E. C. et al. Leukemia risk in a Cohort of 3.9 Million Children with and without Down Syndrome. J. Pediat. 234, 172-180.e173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.03.001 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Pediat."},{"key":"31340_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1616","volume":"131","author":"JE Kucik","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kucik, J. E., Shin, M., Siffel, C., Marengo, L. & Correa, A. Trends in survival among children with Down syndrome in 10 regions of the United States. Pediatrics 131, e27-36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-1616 (2013).","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"31340_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)08092-3","volume":"359","author":"Q Yang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yang, Q., Rasmussen, S. A. & Friedman, J. M. Mortality associated with Down\u2019s syndrome in the USA from 1983 to 1997: a population-based study. Lancet 359, 1019\u20131025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0140-6736(02)08092-3 (2002).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"31340_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3300","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34906","volume":"129","author":"JM Schraw","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schraw, J. M. et al. Associations between birth defects and childhood and adolescent germ cell tumors according to sex, histologic subtype, and site. Cancer 129, 3300\u20133308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.34906 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"31340_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3483","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32982","volume":"126","author":"JM Schraw","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schraw, J. M. et al. Cancer diagnostic profile in children with structural birth defects: An assessment in 15,000 childhood cancer cases. Cancer 126, 3483\u20133492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.32982 (2020).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"31340_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34952","volume":"129","author":"EC Wong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wong, E. C. et al. Associations between birth defects with neural crest cell origins and pediatric embryonal tumors. Cancer 129, 3595\u20133602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.34952 (2023).","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"31340_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf087","volume":"27","author":"TT Hoang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoang, T. T. et al. Co-occurrence of congenital anomalies and childhood brain tumors in 22 million live births. Neuro. Oncol. 27, 1910\u20131922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf087 (2025).","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol."},{"key":"31340_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2223-2","volume":"15","author":"M Anderka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anderka, M. et al. Development and implementation of the first national data quality standards for population-based birth defects surveillance programs in the United States. BMC Public Health 15, 925. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-2223-2 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"31340_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1854","volume":"113","author":"D Heinke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Heinke, D. et al. Prevalence of structural birth defects among infants with Down syndrome, 2013\u20132017: A US population-based study. Birth Defects Res. 113, 189\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bdr2.1854 (2021).","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"31340_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.32","volume":"116","author":"PW Yoon","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yoon, P. W. et al. The national birth defects prevention study. Public Health Rep 116(Suppl 1), 32\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.32 (2001).","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"31340_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S8","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1078","volume":"64","author":"CA Hobbs","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hobbs, C. A., Hopkins, S. E. & Simmons, C. J. Sources of variability in birth defects prevalence rates. Teratology 64(Suppl 1), S8-s13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tera.1078 (2001).","journal-title":"Teratology"},{"key":"31340_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6636a3","volume":"66","author":"DA Siegel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siegel, D. A. et al. Rates and Trends of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia - United States, 2001\u20132014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 66, 950\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6636a3 (2017).","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"31340_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2010.02.003","volume":"36","author":"P Kaatsch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaatsch, P. Epidemiology of childhood cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 36, 277\u2013285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ctrv.2010.02.003 (2010).","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"31340_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a5a332","volume":"20","author":"KJ Johnson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Johnson, K. J. et al. Parental age and risk of childhood cancer: a pooled analysis. Epidemiology 20, 475\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a5a332 (2009).","journal-title":"Epidemiology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31340-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31340-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31340-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:45:11Z","timestamp":1768473911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31340-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31340-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of participating institutions. The requirement for written informed consent was waived as it involved secondary analysis of de-identified data.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"1741"}}