{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T03:33:43Z","timestamp":1768534423128,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":35,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["202222EJZE \u2013 CUP: H53D23003970006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202222EJZE \u2013 CUP: H53D23003970006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31373-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T15:33:42Z","timestamp":1765294422000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding dog communication through the physiology and behavior of urine marking"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Angelo","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serenella","family":"d\u2019Ingeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Minunno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Straziota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marica","family":"Nol\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Ventriglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edmondo","family":"Ceci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Siniscalchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"31373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siniscalchi, M. Olfaction and the Canine Brain in Canine Olfaction Science and Law. (eds. Jezierski, T., Ensminger, J., & Papet, L. E) 31\u201337CRC Press, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/b20027 (2016).","DOI":"10.1201\/b20027"},{"key":"31373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8080131","volume":"8","author":"M Siniscalchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siniscalchi, M., D\u2019Ingeo, S., Minunno, M. & Quaranta, A. Communication Dogs Animals 8, 131 (2018).","journal-title":"Communication Dogs Animals"},{"key":"31373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/183055a0","volume":"183","author":"P Karlson","year":"1959","unstructured":"Karlson, P. & L\u00fcscher, M. Pheromones\u2019: A new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature 183, 55\u201356 (1959).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"31373_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.07.004","volume":"34","author":"MJ Baum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baum, M. J. & Bakker, J. Roles of sex and gonadal steroids in mammalian pheromonal communication. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 34, 268\u2013284 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"31373_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.01.006","volume":"81","author":"AE Lisberg","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lisberg, A. E. & Snowdon, C. T. Effects of sex, social status and gonadectomy on countermarking by domestic dogs, canis familiaris. Anim. Behav. 81, 757\u2013764 (2011).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.11.001","volume":"186","author":"B McGuire","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGuire, B. & Bemis, K. E. Scent marking in shelter dogs: effects of body size. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 186, 49\u201355 (2017).","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1006\/hbeh.1996.0033","volume":"30","author":"B Beerda","year":"1996","unstructured":"Beerda, B., Schilder, M. B. H., Janssen, N. S. C. R. M. & Mol, J. A. The use of saliva Cortisol, urinary Cortisol, and catecholamine measurements for a noninvasive assessment of stress responses in dogs. Horm. Behav. 30, 272\u2013279 (1996).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1159\/000123566","volume":"37","author":"RE Lang","year":"1983","unstructured":"Lang, R. E. et al. Oxytocin unlike vasopressin is a stress hormone in the rat. Neuroendocrinology 37, 314\u2013316 (1983).","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"31373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2016.06.001","volume":"182","author":"B McGuire","year":"2016","unstructured":"McGuire, B. Scent marking in shelter dogs: effects of sex and age. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 182, 15\u201322 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2006.07.005","volume":"106","author":"SC Wirant","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wirant, S. C., Halvorsen, K. T. & McGuire, B. Preliminary observations on the urinary behaviour of female Jack Russell terriers in relation to stage of the oestrous cycle, location, and age. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 106, 161\u2013166 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17837","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74784-5","volume":"10","author":"K McClanahan","year":"2020","unstructured":"McClanahan, K. & Rosell, F. Conspecific recognition of pedal scent in domestic dogs. Sci. Rep. 10, 17837 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31373_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.12.033","volume":"77","author":"AE Lisberg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lisberg, A. E. & Snowdon, C. T. The effects of sex, gonadectomy and status on investigation patterns of unfamiliar conspecific urine in domestic dogs, canis familiaris. Anim. Behav. 77, 1147\u20131154 (2009).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2021.105464","volume":"244","author":"K Holcova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holcova, K., Koru, E., Havlicek, Z. & Rezac, P. Factors associated with sniffing behaviors between walking dogs in public places. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 244, 105464 (2021).","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.016","volume":"197","author":"M Dzi\u0119cio\u0142","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dzi\u0119cio\u0142, M. et al. Identification of putative volatile sex pheromones in female domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). Anim. Reprod. Sci. 197, 87\u201392 (2018).","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.11.002","volume":"30","author":"B McGuire","year":"2019","unstructured":"McGuire, B. Effects of gonadectomy on scent-marking behavior of shelter dogs. J. Veterinary Behav. 30, 16\u201324 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Veterinary Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-1978(89)90047-1","volume":"17","author":"S Natynczuk","year":"1989","unstructured":"Natynczuk, S., Bradshaw, J. W. S. & Mcdonald, D. W. Chemical constituents of the anal sacs of domestic dogs. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 17, 83\u201387 (1989).","journal-title":"Biochem. Syst. Ecol."},{"key":"31373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00104.x","volume":"85","author":"MAR Udell","year":"2010","unstructured":"Udell, M. A. R., Dorey, N. R. & Wynne, C. D. L. What did domestication do to dogs? A new account of dogs\u2019 sensitivity to human actions. Biol. Rev. 85, 327\u2013345 (2010).","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"31373_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.09.027","volume":"23","author":"M Siniscalchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siniscalchi, M., Lusito, R., Vallortigara, G. & Quaranta, A. Seeing Left- or Right-Asymmetric tail wagging produces different emotional responses in dogs. Curr. Biol. 23, 2279\u20132282 (2013).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"31373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.02.008","volume":"17","author":"A Quaranta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Quaranta, A., Siniscalchi, M. & Vallortigara, G. Asymmetric tail-wagging responses by dogs to different emotive stimuli. Curr. Biol. 17, R199\u2013R201 (2007).","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"31373_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.02.011","volume":"304","author":"M Siniscalchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Siniscalchi, M., d\u2019Ingeo, S. & Quaranta, A. The dog nose KNOWS fear: asymmetric nostril use during sniffing at canine and human emotional stimuli. Behav. Brain. Res. 304, 34\u201341 (2016).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain. Res."},{"key":"31373_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.12.013","volume":"212","author":"V Bombail","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bombail, V. Perception and emotions: on the relationships between stress and olfaction. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 212, 98\u2013108 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR22","first-page":"189","volume":"21","author":"T Onaka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Onaka, T., Okabe, S., Takayanagi, Y. & Yoshida, M. Noxious or Non-noxious inputs to Oxytocin neurons: possible roles in the control of behaviors. Interdiscip Inf. Sci. 21, 189\u2013195 (2015).","journal-title":"Interdiscip Inf. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.10.011","volume":"65","author":"B Ditzen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ditzen, B. et al. Intranasal Oxytocin increases positive communication and reduces cortisol levels during couple conflict. Biol. Psychiatry. 65, 728\u2013731 (2009).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"31373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2012.02.017","volume":"94","author":"M Siniscalchi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Siniscalchi, M., McFarlane, J. R., Kauter, K. G., Quaranta, A. & Rogers, L. J. Cortisol levels in hair reflect behavioural reactivity of dogs to acoustic stimuli. Res. Vet. Sci. 94, 49\u201354 (2013).","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2573","volume":"10","author":"SJ Sara","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sara, S. J. The locus coeruleus and noradrenergic modulation of cognition. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 211\u2013223 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"31373_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6031478","volume":"2017","author":"O Borodovitsyna","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borodovitsyna, O., Flamini, M. & Chandler, D. Noradrenergic modulation of cognition in health and disease. Neural Plast. 2017, 1\u201314 (2017).","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"31373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2021.07.005","volume":"41","author":"AA Hamid","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hamid, A. A. Dopaminergic specializations for flexible behavioral control: linking levels of analysis and functional architectures. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 41, 175\u2013184 (2021).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floresco, S. B. Prefrontal dopamine and behavioral flexibility: shifting from an inverted-U toward a family of functions. Front Neurosci 7, 62 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00062"},{"key":"31373_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0222581","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222581","volume":"14","author":"RCMM Lensen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lensen, R. C. M. M., Moons, C. P. H. & Diederich, C. Physiological stress reactivity and recovery related to behavioral traits in dogs (Canis familiaris). PLoS One. 14, e0222581 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"31373_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3390\/ani4020331","volume":"4","author":"J Hekman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hekman, J., Karas, A. & Sharp, C. Psychogenic stress in hospitalized dogs: cross species Comparisons, implications for health Care, and the challenges of evaluation. Animals 4, 331\u2013347 (2014).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"31373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87163-5","volume":"11","author":"J Verspeek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Verspeek, J. et al. Time-lag of urinary and salivary cortisol response after a psychological stressor in bonobos (Pan paniscus). Sci. Rep. 11, 1\u201312 (2021).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31373_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44681.x","volume":"771","author":"D Jezova","year":"1995","unstructured":"Jezova, D., Skultetyova, I., Tokarev, D. I., BAKOS, P. & VIGAS, M. Vasopressin and Oxytocin in stressa. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 771, 192\u2013203 (1995).","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-8194.2004.01186.x","volume":"16","author":"T Onaka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Onaka, T. Neural pathways controlling central and peripheral Oxytocin release during stress. J. Neuroendocrinol. 16, 308\u2013312 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"31373_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2001.013492","volume":"540","author":"DA Robinson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Robinson, D. A. et al. Oxytocin mediates stress-induced analgesia in adult mice. J. Physiol. 540, 593\u2013606 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"31373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4522(02)00068-4","volume":"112","author":"A Wigger","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wigger, A. & Neumann, I. D. Endogenous opioid regulation of stress-induced Oxytocin release within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus is reversed in late pregnancy: a Microdialysis study. Neuroscience 112, 121\u2013129 (2002).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"31373_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010150","volume":"23","author":"Y Takayanagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takayanagi, Y. & Onaka, T. Roles of Oxytocin in stress Responses, allostasis and resilience. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 150 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.05.012","volume":"60","author":"S Mitsui","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mitsui, S. et al. Urinary Oxytocin as a noninvasive biomarker of positive emotion in dogs. Horm. Behav. 60, 239\u2013243 (2011).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR38","first-page":"333","volume":"348","author":"M Nagasawa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nagasawa, M. et al. Oxytocin-gaze positive loop and the Coevolution of human-dog bonds. Sci. (1979). 348, 333\u2013336 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. (1979)"},{"key":"31373_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100792","volume":"9","author":"S Marshall-Pescini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marshall-Pescini, S. et al. The role of Oxytocin in the Dog\u2013Owner relationship. Animals 9, 792 (2019).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"31373_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb34382.x","volume":"652","author":"CF Ferris","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ferris, C. F. et al. Oxytocin in the amygdala facilitates maternal aggression. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 652, 456\u2013457 (1992).","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00606","volume":"159","author":"N Nasanbuyan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nasanbuyan, N. et al. Oxytocin\u2013Oxytocin receptor systems facilitate social defeat posture in male mice. Endocrinology 159, 763\u2013775 (2018).","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"31373_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.1999.00403.x","volume":"11","author":"E Engelmann","year":"1999","unstructured":"Engelmann, E. & Landgraf, H. Wotjak. Emotional stress triggers intrahypothalamic but not peripheral release of Oxytocin in male rats. J. Neuroendocrinol. 11, 867\u2013872 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"31373_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0064","volume":"159","author":"T Hew-Butler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hew-Butler, T., Noakes, T. D., Soldin, S. J. & Verbalis, J. G. Acute changes in endocrine and fluid balance markers during high-intensity, steady-state, and prolonged endurance running: unexpected increases in Oxytocin and brain natriuretic peptide during exercise. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 159, 729\u2013737 (2008).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"31373_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.12.016","volume":"166","author":"B Pierrehumbert","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pierrehumbert, B. et al. Oxytocin response to an experimental psychosocial challenge in adults exposed to traumatic experiences during childhood or adolescence. Neuroscience 166, 168\u2013177 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"31373_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797609356507","volume":"21","author":"SE Taylor","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taylor, S. E., Saphire-Bernstein, S. & Seeman, T. E. Are plasma Oxytocin in women and plasma vasopressin in men biomarkers of distressed Pair-Bond relationships? Psychol. Sci. 21, 3\u20137 (2010).","journal-title":"Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00051.x","volume":"14","author":"EA Hoge","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hoge, E. A., Pollack, M. H., Kaufman, R. E., Zak, P. J. & Simon, N. M. Oxytocin levels in social anxiety disorder. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 14, 165\u2013170 (2008).","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"31373_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.06.004","volume":"79","author":"ID Neumann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Neumann, I. D. & Slattery, D. A. Oxytocin in general anxiety and social fear: A translational approach. Biol. Psychiatry. 79, 213\u2013221 (2016).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"31373_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-018-2889-8","volume":"375","author":"M Jane\u010dek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jane\u010dek, M. & Dabrowska, J. Oxytocin facilitates adaptive fear and attenuates anxiety responses in animal models and human studies\u2014potential interaction with the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Cell. Tissue Res. 375, 143\u2013172 (2019).","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Res."},{"key":"31373_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2000.00442.x","volume":"12","author":"W Neumann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Neumann, W., Torner, H. & Landgraf Brain Oxytocin inhibits basal and Stress-Induced activity of the Hypothalamo\u2010Pituitary\u2010Adrenal axis in male and female rats: partial action within the paraventricular nucleus. J. Neuroendocrinol. 12, 235\u2013243 (2000).","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"31373_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.12.027","volume":"66","author":"J Cavanaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cavanaugh, J., Carp, S. B., Rock, C. M. & French, J. A. Oxytocin modulates behavioral and physiological responses to a stressor in marmoset monkeys. Psychoneuroendocrinology 66, 22\u201330 (2016).","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"31373_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quintana, D. S., Kemp, A. H., Alvares, G. A. & Guastella, A. J. A role for autonomic cardiac control in the effects of Oxytocin on social behavior and psychiatric illness. Front Neurosci 7, 48 (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00048"},{"key":"31373_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268535","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2017.00147","volume":"4","author":"A Temesi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Temesi, A., Thur\u00f3czy, J., Balogh, L. & Mikl\u00f3si, \u00c1. Increased serum and urinary Oxytocin concentrations after nasal administration in beagle dogs. Front. Vet. Sci. 4, 268535 (2017).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"31373_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2016.09.002","volume":"86","author":"CT Clinard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Clinard, C. T., Barnes, A. K., Adler, S. G. & Cooper, M. A. Winning agonistic encounters increases testosterone and androgen receptor expression in Syrian hamsters. Horm. Behav. 86, 27\u201335 (2016).","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12030281","volume":"12","author":"A Kleszcz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kleszcz, A. et al. Review on selected aggression causes and the role of neurocognitive science in the diagnosis. Animals 12, 281 (2022).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"31373_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2021.09.001","volume":"48","author":"JD Albright","year":"2022","unstructured":"Albright, J. D. & Ng, Z. Y. Measurement of neurotransmitters excreted in the urine of behaviorally healthy dogs in home and boarding kennel conditions. J. Veterinary Behav. 48, 74\u201377 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Veterinary Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820070062009","volume":"49","author":"P Moleman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Moleman, P., Tulen, J. H. M., Blankestijn, P. J., Man\u2019Veld, A. J. & Boomsma, F. Urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites in relation to Circulating catecholamines: Six-Hour infusion of epinephrine and norepinephrine in healthy volunteers. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 49, 568\u2013572 (1992).","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"31373_CR57","first-page":"1419","volume":"19","author":"L Barbeito","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbeito, L., Lista, A., Silveira, R. & Dajas, F. Resting urinary catecholamine excretion in schizophrenics: methodology and interpretation of results. Biol. Psychiatry. 19, 1419\u20131425 (1984).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"31373_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00599.x","volume":"5","author":"AW Tank","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tank, A. W. & Wong, D. L. Peripheral and central effects of Circulating catecholamines. Compr. Physiol. 5, 1\u201315 (2015).","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"31373_CR59","first-page":"37","volume":"45","author":"B Mravec","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mravec, B. Role of catecholamine-induced activation of vagal afferent pathways in regulation of sympathoadrenal system activity: negative feedback loop of stress response. Endocr. Regul. 45, 37\u201341 (2011).","journal-title":"Endocr. Regul."},{"key":"31373_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.02.005","volume":"137","author":"A Savransky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Savransky, A. et al. Association of working memory and elevated overnight urinary norepinephrine in patients with schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr Res. 137, 89\u201395 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr Res."},{"key":"31373_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.04.037","volume":"64","author":"DM Devilbiss","year":"2008","unstructured":"Devilbiss, D. M. & Berridge, C. W. Cognition-Enhancing doses of methylphenidate preferentially increase prefrontal cortex neuronal responsiveness. Biol. Psychiatry. 64, 626\u2013635 (2008).","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"31373_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.015","volume":"129","author":"M Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, M. et al. \u03b12A-Adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex. Cell 129, 397\u2013410 (2007).","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"31373_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.01.039","volume":"58","author":"RE Nicholls","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nicholls, R. E. et al. Transgenic mice lacking NMDAR-Dependent LTD exhibit deficits in behavioral flexibility. Neuron 58, 104\u2013117 (2008).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"31373_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.021","volume":"76","author":"JD Salamone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Salamone, J. D. & Correa, M. The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine. Neuron 76, 470\u2013485 (2012).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"31373_CR65","first-page":"1362","volume":"367","author":"A Westbrook","year":"2020","unstructured":"Westbrook, A. et al. Dopamine promotes cognitive effort by biasing the benefits versus costs of cognitive work. Sci. (1979). 367, 1362\u20131366 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci. (1979)"},{"key":"31373_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1989.tb09224.x","volume":"52","author":"ED Abercrombie","year":"1989","unstructured":"Abercrombie, E. D., Keefe, K. A., DiFrischia, D. S. & Zigmond, M. J. Differential effect of stress on in vivo dopamine release in Striatum, nucleus Accumbens, and medial frontal cortex. J. Neurochem. 52, 1655\u20131658 (1989).","journal-title":"J. Neurochem"},{"key":"31373_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10789","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2577-06.2006","volume":"26","author":"DJ Scott","year":"2006","unstructured":"Scott, D. J., Heitzeg, M. M., Koeppe, R. A., Stohler, C. S. & Zubieta, J. K. Variations in the human pain stress experience mediated by ventral and dorsal basal ganglia dopamine activity. J. Neurosci. 26, 10789\u201310795 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"31373_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.06.011","volume":"119","author":"TM Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love, T. M. Oxytocin, motivation and the role of dopamine. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 119, 49\u201360 (2014).","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"31373_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(94)90153-8","volume":"61","author":"JD Salamone","year":"1994","unstructured":"Salamone, J. D. The involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in appetitive and aversive motivation. Behav. Brain. Res. 61, 117\u2013133 (1994).","journal-title":"Behav. Brain. Res."},{"key":"31373_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2010.11.022","volume":"68","author":"ES Bromberg-Martin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bromberg-Martin, E. S., Matsumoto, M. & Hikosaka, O. Dopamine in motivational control: Rewarding, Aversive, and alerting. Neuron 68, 815\u2013834 (2010).","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"31373_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.05.020","volume":"8","author":"M Siniscalchi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Siniscalchi, M. et al. Sniffing with the right nostril: lateralization of response to odour stimuli bydogs. Anim. Behav. 8, 399\u2013404 (2011).","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31373-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31373-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31373-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T10:38:15Z","timestamp":1768473495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31373-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31373-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1711"}}