{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T18:01:50Z","timestamp":1793642510854,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    African swine fever (ASF) is an important disease of swine currently affecting pig production worldwide. Vietnam is, currently, the only country where commercial live attenuated vaccines are being freely used in the field. One of these vaccines is based in the use of the ASFV-G-\u0394I177L strain, a recombinant virus developed by a partial deletion in the I177L gene from the highly virulent parental strain Georgia 2010. The commercial version of the vaccine was originally limited to use in pigs between 8 and 10 weeks of age, which significantly restricts its use. In this report, we demonstrate that pigs can be vaccinated as early as the fourth week of age, producing an efficacious immune response that fully protects the animals against the challenge with the virulent Vietnamese field strain TTKN\/ASFV\/DN\/2019 and thus increasing the vaccine\u2019s usage to pigs 4\u201310 weeks of age. Several groups of four-week-old pigs were intramuscularly (IM) vaccinated with a single dose of a commercial vaccine containing 10\n                    <jats:sup>2.6<\/jats:sup>\n                    HAD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of ASFV-G-\u0394I177L and IM challenged 28 days later with 10\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    HAD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of TTKN\/ASFV\/DN\/2019. All the vaccinated animals remained clinically normal after vaccination, demonstrating no presence of residual virulence of ASFV-G-\u0394I177L in animals of this age. In addition, all vaccinated animals remained protected after the challenge, showing no clinical signs associated with ASF during the observational period. These results corroborate the safety and efficacy of the ASFV-G-\u0394I177L vaccine strain when used in pigs as early as four week of age.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31405-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:47:39Z","timestamp":1766486859000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["African swine fever vaccine ASFV-G-\u0394I177L induces solid protection in four-week-old piglets"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xuan Hanh","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Le Thi Thu","family":"Phuong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen Quang","family":"Huy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Do Thanh","family":"Thuy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Van Dung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauro","family":"Velazquez-Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ramirez-Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril G.","family":"Gay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel V.","family":"Borca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas P.","family":"Gladue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"31405_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tulman, E. R., Delhon, G. A., Ku, B. K. & Rock, D. L. African swine fever virus. In Lesser Known Large dsDNA Viruses. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology (ed Etten, V.), vol. 328, 43\u201387 (Springer, 2009).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-68618-7_2"},{"key":"31405_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14341","volume":"68","author":"W Gonzales","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gonzales, W. et al. African swine fever in the Dominican Republic. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. 68, 3018\u20133019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14341 (2021).","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"31405_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schambow, R. A. et al. Epidemiological assessment of African swine fever spread in the Dominican Republic. Pathogens 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12121414 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12121414"},{"key":"31405_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25987-5","volume":"13","author":"E Spinard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spinard, E. et al. Full genome sequence for the African swine fever virus outbreak in the Dominican Republic in 1980. Sci. Rep. 13, 1024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-25987-5 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31405_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050878","volume":"14","author":"DP Gladue","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gladue, D. P., Borca, M. V. & Recombinant, A. S. F. Live attenuated virus strains as experimental vaccine candidates. Viruses 14, 878 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"31405_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rathakrishnan, A., Moffat, K., Reis, A. L. & Dixon, L. K. Production of Recombinant African swine fever viruses: speeding up the process. Viruses 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12060615 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060615"},{"key":"31405_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21575-8","volume":"8","author":"MV Borca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borca, M. V., Holinka, L. G., Berggren, K. A. & Gladue, D. P. CRISPR-Cas9, a tool to efficiently increase the development of Recombinant African swine fever viruses. Sci. Rep. 8, 3154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-018-21575-8 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31405_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borca, M. V. et al. Development of a highly effective African swine fever virus vaccine by deletion of the I177L gene results in sterile immunity against the current epidemic Eurasia strain. J. Virol. 94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02017-19 (2020).","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02017-19"},{"key":"31405_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00554-15","volume":"89","author":"V O\u2019Donnell","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, V. et al. African swine fever virus Georgia isolate harboring deletions of MGF360 and MGF505 genes is attenuated in swine and confers protection against challenge with virulent parental virus. J. Virol. 89, 6048\u20136056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00554-15 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"31405_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14329","author":"XH Tran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tran, X. H. et al. African swine fever virus vaccine candidate ASFV-G-DeltaI177L efficiently protects European and native pig breeds against Circulating Vietnamese field strain. Transbound. Emerg. Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tbed.14329 (2021).","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"31405_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, X. H. et al. Evaluation of the safety profile of the ASFV vaccine candidate ASFV-G-\u0394I177L. Viruses  14, 896 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050896"},{"key":"31405_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borca, M. V. et al. ASF vaccine candidate ASFV-G-\u2206I177L does not exhibit residual virulence in long-term clinical studies. Pathogens 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12060805 (2023).","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060805"},{"key":"31405_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Borca, M. V., Berggren, K. A., Ramirez-Medina, E., Vuono, E. A. & Gladue, D. P. CRISPR\/Cas gene editing of a large DNA virus: African swine fever virus. Bio-protocol . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21769\/BioProtoc.2978 (2018).","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.2978"},{"key":"31405_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46747","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46747","volume":"7","author":"MV Borca","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borca, M. V. et al. Development of a fluorescent ASFV strain that retains the ability to cause disease in swine. Sci. Rep. 7, 46747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep46747 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31405_CR15","first-page":"493","volume":"27","author":"LJM Reed","year":"1938","unstructured":"Reed, L. J. M. A simple method of estimating 50% endpoints. Am. J. Hygiene. 27, 493\u2013497 (1938).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hygiene"},{"key":"31405_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141921","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01419-21","volume":"96","author":"E Ramirez-Medina","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramirez-Medina, E. et al. Deletion of E184L, a putative DIVA target from the pandemic strain of African swine fever Virus, produces a reduction in virulence and protection against virulent challenge. J. Virol. 96, e0141921. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01419-21 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"31405_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Carlson, J. et al. Association of the host immune response with protection using a live attenuated African swine fever virus model. Viruses 8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v8100291 (2016).","DOI":"10.3390\/v8100291"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31405-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31405-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31405-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T01:02:21Z","timestamp":1768438941000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31405-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31405"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31405-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors Manuel Borca and Douglas Gladue have a patent for the ASFV-G-I177L vaccine used in this study. Navetco has a license to commercially produce and sell the ASFV-G-I177L vaccine, and Xuan Hanh Tran , Le Thi Thu Phuong , Nguyen Quang Huy , Do Thanh Thuy , Nguyen Van Dung are employed by Navetco. All other authors don\u2019t have competing Interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the Animal Ethics Advisory Committee in Vietnam, under the resolution No 753\/QD-NVC, approved on December 26 \/2022. All animal experiments were performed in the animal facilities at NAVETCO. All experimental procedures were carried out in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act (AWA), the 2011 Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and the 2002 PHS Policy for the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"1794"}}