{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T16:26:58Z","timestamp":1791649618281,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31429-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T19:48:28Z","timestamp":1764877708000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A 12-week afterschool game-based physical activity program improves physical fitness of 9-10-year-old children: a randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elvin","family":"Onarici Gungor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Yaliz Solmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulsun","family":"Guven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baris","family":"Gurol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"31429_CR1","unstructured":"Pehlivan, H. Play and Learning (An\u0131 Publishing, 2012)."},{"key":"31429_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5937\/mp72-31878","volume":"7","author":"S Sacan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sacan, S. The importance of physical activity in child development. Refereed J. Orthop. Traumatol. Sports Med. 7, 26\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5937\/mp72-31878 (2016).","journal-title":"Refereed J. Orthop. Traumatol. Sports Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"31429_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.58727\/jshr.110644","volume":"17","author":"EE Dias de Jesus","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dias de Jesus, E. E., Brasilino, F., Valdivia Moral, F., Morales, C. & P. \u00c1., & Body composition of school children: a comparative analysis. J. Sport Health Res. 17 (2), 235\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58727\/jshr.110644 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Res."},{"key":"31429_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.21831\/cp.v42i1.54605","volume":"42","author":"K Khairuddin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khairuddin, K., Masrun, M., Bakhtiar, S. & Syahruddin, S. Analysis of the impact of game-based physical education learning on physical fitness of junior high school students. Cakrawala Pendidik.: J Ilmiah Pendidik. 42, 241\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21831\/cp.v42i1.54605 (2023).","journal-title":"Cakrawala Pendidik.: J Ilmiah Pendidik."},{"key":"31429_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2022.10.004","volume":"21","author":"Y Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, Y. et al. Results from the China 2022 report card on physical activity for children and adolescents. J. Exerc. Sci. Fit. 21, 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jesf.2022.10.004 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"31429_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-021-01766-0","volume":"19","author":"A Bermejo-Cantarero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bermejo-Cantarero, A., \u00c1lvarez-Bueno, C., Mart\u00ednez-Vizcaino, V., Redondo-T\u00e9bar, A. & Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D. P. S\u00e1nchez-L\u00f3pez, M. Relationship between both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness and health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 19, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12955-021-01766-0 (2021).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"31429_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5783","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19105783","volume":"19","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, Z. et al. The combinations of physical activity, screen time, and sleep, and their associations with self-reported physical fitness in children and adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19, 5783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19105783 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"31429_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3066","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17093066","volume":"17","author":"H Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen, H. et al. Prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behavior among Chinese children and adolescents: variations, gaps, and recommendations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 17, 3066. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17093066 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"31429_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098253","volume":"52","author":"GR Tomkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomkinson, G. R. et al. European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9\u201317 years: results from 2 779 165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. Br. J. Sports Med. 52, 1445\u20131456. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098253 (2018).","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"31429_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1177\/0143034317717582","volume":"38","author":"M Xiang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiang, M. et al. Understanding adolescents\u2019 mental health and academic achievement: does physical fitness matter? Sch. Psychol. Int. 38, 647\u2013663. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0143034317717582 (2017).","journal-title":"Psychol. Int."},{"key":"31429_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8858","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148858","volume":"19","author":"HH Chiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiang, H. H. et al. Low cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, and flexibility are associated with body fat distribution and obesity risk using bioelectrical impedance in Taiwanese adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19, 8858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19148858 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"31429_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873141","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.873141","volume":"10","author":"C Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, C. et al. Associations of sport participation, muscle-strengthening exercise and active commuting with self-reported physical fitness in school-aged children. Front. Public. Health. 10, 873141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.873141 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"31429_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6455","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120606455","volume":"12","author":"C Gray","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gray, C. et al. What is the relationship between outdoor time and physical activity, sedentary behavior, and physical fitness in children? A systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 12, 6455\u20136474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph120606455 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"31429_CR14","first-page":"125","volume":"11","author":"H Aliriad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aliriad, H., Soegiyanto, S., Setijono, H. & Sulaiman, S. Effect of the projectbased learning model, age, and motor educability on fundamental motor skills in early children. Health Educ. Health Promot. 11 (1), 125\u2013131 (2023).","journal-title":"Health Educ. Health Promot"},{"key":"31429_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1080\/17408989.2015.1017451","volume":"21","author":"W OBrien","year":"2016","unstructured":"OBrien, W., Belton, S. & Issartel, J. Fundamental movement skill proficiency amongst adolescent youth. Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagogy. 21, 6, 557\u2013571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17408989.2015.1017451 (2016).","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagogy"},{"issue":"1","key":"31429_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35727-y","volume":"13","author":"P Teich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Teich, P., F\u00fchner, T., Granacher, U. & Kliegl, R. Physical fitness of primary school children differs depending on their timing of school enrollment. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 8788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-35727-y (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31429_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194779","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1194779","volume":"11","author":"J Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, J. et al. Comparative effectiveness of school-based exercise interventions on physical fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front. Public. Health. 11, 1194779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1194779 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"31429_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2023.02068","volume":"23","author":"AR Kryeziu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kryeziu, A. R., Lenjani, N., Iseni, A. & Badau, D. The effects of curriculum change programs in physical education according with the hours of teaching on the fitness level of children. J. Phys. Educ. Sport. 23 (2), 545\u2013554. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/jpes.2023.02068 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"31429_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.54141\/psbd.1183798","volume":"14","author":"A Osipov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osipov, A., Orlova, I., Ratmanskaya, T. & Lepilina, T. Effects of high intensity interval training intervention on physical fitness and body mass index of overweight primary schoolchildren. Pamukkale J. Sport Sci. 14 (1), 63\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54141\/psbd.1183798 (2023).","journal-title":"Pamukkale J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"31429_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.2013-0155","volume":"34","author":"A Miller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Miller, A. Games centered approaches in teaching children and adolescents: systematic review of associated student outcomes. J. Teach. Phys. Educ. 34, 36\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jtpe.2013-0155 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"31429_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1177\/1356336X11416734","volume":"17","author":"D Dudley","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dudley, D., Okely, A., Pearson, P. & Cotton, W. A systematic review of the effectiveness of physical education and school sport interventions targeting physical activity, movement skills and enjoyment of physical activity. Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev. 17, 353\u2013378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1356336X11416734 (2011).","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. Educ. Rev."},{"key":"31429_CR22","first-page":"89","volume":"6","author":"C Boyraz","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boyraz, C. & Serin, G. Teaching of force and motion concepts through game-based physical activities at elementary level. Trakya Univ. J. Educ. 6, 89\u2013101 (2015).","journal-title":"Trakya Univ. J. Educ."},{"key":"31429_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1123\/jtpe.21.2.177","volume":"21","author":"D Kirk","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kirk, D. & Macphail, A. Teaching games for Understanding and situated learning: rethinking the bunker-thorpe model. J. Teach. Phys. Educ. 21, 177\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jtpe.21.2.177 (2002).","journal-title":"J. Teach. Phys. Educ."},{"key":"31429_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743935","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.743935","volume":"9","author":"K Duffey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duffey, K. et al. Barriers and facilitators of physical activity participation in adolescent girls: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Front. Public. Health. 9, 743935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2021.743935 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"31429_CR25","first-page":"123","volume":"5","author":"SB Uskan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Uskan, S. B. & Bozku\u015f, T. Place of play in education. Int. J. Contemp. Educational Stud. (IntJCES). 5, 123\u2013131 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Educational Stud. (IntJCES)"},{"key":"31429_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.17.3.266","volume":"17","author":"A Telford","year":"2005","unstructured":"Telford, A., Salmon, J., Timperio, A. & Crawford, D. Quantifying and characterizing physical activity among 5-to 6-and 10-to 12-year-old children: the children\u2019s leisure activities study (CLASS). Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 17, 266\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/pes.17.3.266 (2005).","journal-title":"Pediatr. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"31429_CR27","unstructured":"Urlu, Y. Research of 10-12-year-old children\u2019s physical activity levels. [master\u2019s thesis]. [Bal\u0131kesir]: Bal\u0131kesir University Institute of Health Sciences (2014)."},{"key":"31429_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.7827\/TurkishStudies.14821","volume":"14","author":"E Konca","year":"2019","unstructured":"Konca, E., Ermi\u015f, E., Ermi\u015f, A. & Erilli, N. A. Analysis of physical activity States and nutritional habits of students between the ages of 7 and 14. Turkish Studies-Social Sci. 14, 106\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7827\/TurkishStudies.14821 (2019).","journal-title":"Turkish Studies-Social Sci."},{"key":"31429_CR29","first-page":"249","volume":"13","author":"F Erbay","year":"2012","unstructured":"Erbay, F. Durmu\u015fo\u011flu Saltal\u0131, N. The place of play in six-year-olds\u2019 daily life and mothers\u2019 play perception. K\u0131r\u015fehir Educ. Fac. J. 13, 249\u2013264 (2012).","journal-title":"K\u0131r\u015fehir Educ. Fac. J."},{"key":"31429_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802969","volume":"29","author":"R Jago","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jago, R., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J. C., Thompson, D. & Greaves, K. A. BMI from 3\u20136 y of age is predicted by TV viewing and physical activity, not diet. Int. J. Obes. 29, 557\u2013564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.ijo.0802969 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"31429_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2003.tb06589.x","volume":"73","author":"RP Pangrazi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pangrazi, R. P., Beighle, A., Vehige, T. & Vack, C. Impact of promoting lifestyle activity for youth (PLAY) on children\u2019s physical activity. J. Sch. Health 73, 317\u2013321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2003.tb06589.x (2003).","journal-title":"J. Sch. Health"},{"key":"31429_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.05.012","volume":"51","author":"R Brockman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Brockman, R., Jago, R. & Fox, K. R. The contribution of active play to the physical activity of primary school children. Prev. Med. 51, 144\u2013147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2010.05.012 (2010).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"31429_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.17644\/sbd.344697","volume":"29","author":"A Derer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Derer, A. & M\u00fclaz\u0131mo\u011flu Ball\u0131, \u00d6. Elementary school students\u2019 motor proficiency level relationship with physical activity participation, age, gender and body mass index. Hacettepe J. Sport Sci. 29, 196\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17644\/sbd.344697 (2018).","journal-title":"Hacettepe J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"31429_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17644\/sbd.588694","volume":"31","author":"Y Bulca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bulca, Y., Bilgin, E. & Demirhan, G. Evaluation of physical activity level of middle school students with pedometer. Hacettepe J. Sport Sci. 31, 1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17644\/sbd.588694 (2020).","journal-title":"Hacettepe J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"31429_CR35","unstructured":"Durualp, E. A study on the effects of play-based social skills training on social adaptation and skills of six-year-old preschool children: Sample of \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131. [doctoral\u2019s thesis]. [Ankara]: Ankara University Institute of Science and Technology (2009)."},{"key":"31429_CR36","first-page":"160","volume":"39","author":"E Durualp","year":"2010","unstructured":"Durualp, E. & Aral, N. A study on the effects of play-based social skills training on social skills of six-year-old children. H. U. J. Educ. 39, 160\u2013172 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Educ."},{"key":"31429_CR37","first-page":"529","volume":"14","author":"B Karaman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karaman, B. & Suel, E. The effect of games based on physical activity played in preschool education institutions on psychomotor development. Phys. Educ. Sport Sci. J. 14, 529\u2013539 (2020).","journal-title":"Phys. Educ. Sport Sci. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"31429_CR38","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"E Ozturk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ozturk, E. & Alpay, C. B. The effect of the exercise program to the body composition and flexibility of the 48-60-month age Girl and Boy children who continued to preschool education. J. Germenica Phys. Educ. Sports Sci. 1 (1), 1\u201317 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Germenica Phys. Educ. Sports Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"31429_CR39","first-page":"326","volume":"58","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, J., Cao, L., Xie, P. & Wang, J. Recreational football training improved health-related physical fitness in 9-to 10-year-old boys. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit. 58 (3), 326\u2013331 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fit."},{"issue":"1","key":"31429_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61275-0","volume":"14","author":"M Kurnaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kurnaz, M., Fl\u00f4res, F., Alt\u0131nk\u00f6k, M. U. S. T. A. F. A., Esen, H. T. & Silva, A. F. A 10-week play-based after-school program to improve coordinative abilities and physical fitness capabilities among adolescents: a randomized trial. Sci. Rep. 14 (1), 13531 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31429_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4883","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134883","volume":"17","author":"A Cocca","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cocca, A., Verdugo, F. E., Cuenca, L. T. R. & Cocca, M. Effect of a game-based physical education program on physical fitness and mental health in elementary school children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17, 4883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17134883 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"31429_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2015.1031161","volume":"34","author":"J Jarani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jarani, J. et al. Effects of two physical education programmes on health-and skill-related physical fitness of Albanian children. J. Sports Sci. 34, 35\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2015.1031161 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"31429_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831424","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.831424","volume":"10","author":"T Petru\u0161i\u010d","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petru\u0161i\u010d, T., Trajkovi\u0107, N. & Bogataj, \u0160. Twelve-week game-based school intervention improves physical fitness in 12\u201314-year-old girls. Front. Public. Health. 10, 831424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.831424 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"31429_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2020.94237","volume":"37","author":"E Arslan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arslan, E., Orer, G. E. & Clemente, F. M. Running-based high-intensity interval training vs. small-sided game training programs: effects on the physical performance, Psychophysiological responses and technical skills in young soccer players. Biol. Sport. 37 (2), 165\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5114\/biolsport.2020.94237 (2020).","journal-title":"Biol. Sport"},{"issue":"2","key":"31429_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.58727\/jshr.107875","volume":"17","author":"MA Ortega Zayas","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ortega Zayas, M. A., V\u00e1zquez Toledo, S. & de la Pradas, F. Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica sobre Las implicaciones derivadas Del Uso de deportes de Raqueta Como Contenido En Las clases de educaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica En educaci\u00f3n primaria. J. Sport Health Res. 17 (2), 168\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58727\/jshr.107875 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Sport Health Res."},{"key":"31429_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9510","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18189510","volume":"18","author":"Y Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, Y. & Park, I. Effects of physical activity and psychological modification-based intervention on physical fitness, physical activity and its related psychological variables in female adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 18, 9510 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"31429_CR47","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Global Perspectives on Physical Education and AferSchool Sport Programs","author":"C Curry","year":"2013","unstructured":"Curry, C. & Knijnik, J. D. Physical education and the after-school sports program in Australian schools: Barriers and challenges for the 21st century. In Global Perspectives on Physical Education and AferSchool Sport Programs (eds Chepyator-Tomson, J. R. & Hsu, S. H.) 227\u2013241 (University Press of America, 2013)."},{"issue":"5","key":"31429_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe13050060","volume":"13","author":"A Kolovelonis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kolovelonis, A., Pesce, C. & Goudas, M. The effects of a cognitively challenging physical activity intervention on school children\u2019s executive functions and motivational regulations. Eur. J. Investig Health Psychol. Educ. 13 (5), 796\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe13050060 (2022).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"31429_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265060274S512","volume":"27","author":"TG Lohman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lohman, T. G. & Going, S. B. Body composition assessment for development of an international growth standard for preadolescent and adolescent children. Food Nutr. Bull. 27, 314\u2013325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/15648265060274S512 (2007).","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"31429_CR50","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd edn. (Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1988).","edition":"2"},{"issue":"11","key":"31429_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11111600","volume":"11","author":"D Stojanovi\u0107","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stojanovi\u0107, D. et al. School-based TGfU volleyball intervention improves physical fitness and body composition in primary school students: a cluster-randomized trial. Healthc. Switz. 11 (11), 1600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/healthcare11111600 (2023).","journal-title":"Healthc. Switz."},{"issue":"6","key":"31429_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/13573322.2022.2045483","volume":"28","author":"S Baena-Morales","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baena-Morales, S. & Gonz\u00e1lez-V\u00edllora, S. Physical education for sustainable development goals: reflections and comments for contribution in the educational framework. Sport Educ. Soc. 28 (6), 697\u2013713. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13573322.2022.2045483 (2023).","journal-title":"Sport Educ. Soc."},{"key":"31429_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb03290.x","volume":"91","author":"C Hager-Ross","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hager-Ross, C. & Rosblad, B. Norms for grip strength in children aged 4\u201316 years. Acta P\u00e6diatr. 91, 617\u2013625 (2002).","journal-title":"Acta P\u00e6diatr"},{"key":"31429_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.3390\/children9111616","volume":"9","author":"T Abe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abe, T., Thiebaud, R. S., Ozaki, H., Yamasaki, S. & Loenneke, J. P. Children with low handgrip strength: a narrative review of possible exercise strategies to improve its development. Children 9, 1616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children9111616 (2022).","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"31429_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4935","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17144935","volume":"17","author":"B Popovi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Popovi\u0107, B. et al. Nine months of a structured multisport program improve physical fitness in preschool children: A quasi-experimental study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 17, 4935. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17144935 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"31429_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1978250","volume":"40","author":"D Ma\u010dak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma\u010dak, D. et al. The effects of daily physical activity intervention on physical fitness in preschool children. J. Sports Sci. 40 (2), 146\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2021.1978250 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"31429_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258144","author":"PF Almeida-Neto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Almeida-Neto, P. F. et al. Factors related to lower limb performance in children and adolescents aged 7 to 17 years: A systematic review with meta-analysis. PLoS One https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0258144 (2021).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"31429_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3390\/children11010137","volume":"11","author":"A Godoy-Cumillaf","year":"2024","unstructured":"Godoy-Cumillaf, A. et al. The effects of a physical activity intervention on adiposity, physical fitness and motor competence: a school-based, non-randomized controlled trial. Children 11, 137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11010137 (2024).","journal-title":"Children"},{"key":"31429_CR59","first-page":"85","volume":"6","author":"A Abass","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abass, A. & Adeagbo, D. I. Body composition as predictor of abdominal muscle endurance of elementary school children in Ibadan Nigeria. J. Pedagog\u0131cal Thought. 6, 85\u201396 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Pedagog\u0131cal Thought"},{"issue":"2","key":"31429_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.18666\/TPE-2020-V77-I2-9483","volume":"10","author":"J Deutsch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deutsch, J., Waldera, R., Mahoney, S. & Martinez, M. Project fit america\u2019s impact on youth fitness levels: second year curriculum. ICHPER-SD J. Res. 10 (2), 28\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18666\/TPE-2020-V77-I2-9483 (2019).","journal-title":"ICHPER-SD J. Res."},{"key":"31429_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.7752\/jpes.2020.s1047","volume":"20","author":"E Liyanage","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liyanage, E., Krasilshchikov, O., Arhashim, H. & Jawis, N. M. Prevalence of hamstring tightness and hamstring flexibility of 9\u201311 years old children of different obesity and physical activity levels in Malaysia and Sri Lanka. J. Phys. Educ. Sport. 20, 338\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7752\/jpes.2020.s1047 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Educ. Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"31429_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-021-00364-3","volume":"13","author":"J Bauer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bauer, J., Panzer, S. & Muehlbauer, T. Side differences of upper quarter Y balance test performance in sub-elite young male and female handball players with different ages. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabilitation. 13 (1), 141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13102-021-00364-3 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabilitation"},{"key":"31429_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23829","volume":"35","author":"\u0141 Kryst","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kryst, \u0141., \u017begle\u0144, M., Artymiak, P., Kowal, M. & Woronkowicz, A. Analysis of secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents (8\u201318 years) from Krak\u00f3w (Poland) between 2010 and 2020. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 35, 3. 10.1002\/ ajhb.23829 (2023).","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"31429_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8247","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148247","volume":"19","author":"L Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, L., Gu, H., Zhang, Y., Sun, T. & Yu, J. Risk factors of Flatfoot in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19, 8247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19148247 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"31429_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/884\/1\/012024","volume":"884","author":"S Nopembri","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nopembri, S., Maryana, S. T. & Purnama, D. S. Constructing student\u2019s physical preparedness through game-based activities in disaster-safe school. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 884, 012024 (2021).","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"31429_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-024-04544-1","volume":"24","author":"LN Reis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reis, L. N. et al. Effects of a physical education intervention on children\u2019s physical activity and fitness: the PROFIT pilot study. BMC Pediatr. 24 (1), 78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-024-04544-1 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31429-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31429-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31429-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T10:53:40Z","timestamp":1765968820000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31429-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31429-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"44013"}}