{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:12:30Z","timestamp":1784913150702,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-31445-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T08:04:00Z","timestamp":1765094640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Embryonic thermal manipulation improved early cecal microbial diversity, metabolic pathways, and immunity in broiler chickens"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sadid","family":"Al Amaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suman","family":"Poudel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Ahosanul Haque","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajesh","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Birendra","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"31445_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-018-0310-9","volume":"10","author":"S Yadav","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yadav, S. & Jha, R. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. J Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 10, 2 (2019).","journal-title":"J Animal Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"31445_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00002","volume":"3","author":"AL Ballou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ballou, A. L. et al. Development of the chick microbiome: how early exposure influences future microbial diversity. Front. Vet. Sci. 3, 2 (2016).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8060084","volume":"8","author":"S Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, S. et al. Free dietary choice and free-range rearing improve the product quality, gait score, and microbial richness of chickens. Animals 8, 84 (2018).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"31445_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1646-6","volume":"16","author":"D Schokker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schokker, D. et al. Early life microbial colonization of the gut and intestinal development differ between genetically divergent broiler lines. BMC Genom. 16, 418 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"31445_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187766","volume":"12","author":"S-C Siegerstetter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Siegerstetter, S.-C. et al. Intestinal microbiota profiles associated with low and high residual feed intake in chickens across two geographical locations. PLoS ONE 12, e0187766 (2017).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"31445_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-019-0009-z","volume":"1","author":"JG Kers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kers, J. G. et al. Take care of the environment: housing conditions affect the interplay of nutritional interventions and intestinal microbiota in broiler chickens. Anim. Microbiome. 1, 10 (2019).","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome."},{"key":"31445_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100040","volume":"9","author":"D Schokker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schokker, D. et al. Early-life environmental variation affects intestinal microbiota and immune development in new-born piglets. PLoS ONE 9, e100040 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"31445_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.008","volume":"250","author":"MH Kogut","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kogut, M. H. The effect of microbiome modulation on the intestinal health of poultry. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 250, 32\u201340 (2019).","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"31445_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","volume":"9","author":"JL Round","year":"2009","unstructured":"Round, J. L. & Mazmanian, S. K. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 9, 313\u2013323 (2009).","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"31445_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.977359","volume":"9","author":"IC De Jong","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Jong, I. C., Schokker, D., Gunnink, H., Van Wijhe, M. & Rebel, J. M. J. Early life environment affects behavior, welfare, gut microbiome composition, and diversity in broiler chickens. Front. Vet. Sci. 9, 977359 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00254","volume":"5","author":"Y Shang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shang, Y., Kumar, S., Oakley, B. & Kim, W. K. Chicken gut microbiota: importance and detection technology. Front. Vet. Sci. 5, 254 (2018).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2022.102133","volume":"101","author":"DL Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, D. L. et al. Effects of early post-hatch feeding on the growth performance, hormone secretion, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota structure in broilers. Poult. Sci. 101, 102133 (2022).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1017\/S004393390900049X","volume":"65","author":"S Yahav","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yahav, S. Alleviating heat stress in domestic fowl: different strategies. World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J. 65, 719\u2013732 (2009).","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"31445_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2004.03.002","volume":"29","author":"S Yahav","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yahav, S., Rath, R. S. & Shinder, D. The effect of thermal manipulations during embryogenesis of broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus) on hatchability, body weight and thermoregulation after hatch. J. Therm. Biol. 29, 245\u2013250 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"31445_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01207","volume":"10","author":"SA David","year":"2019","unstructured":"David, S. A. et al. Thermal manipulation during embryogenesis impacts h3k4me3 and h3k27me3 histone marks in chicken hypothalamus. Front. Genet. 10, 1207 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"31445_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"skab370","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab370","volume":"100","author":"A Dunislawska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dunislawska, A., Pietrzak, E., WishnaKadawarage, R., Beldowska, A. & Siwek, M. Pre-hatching and post-hatching environmental factors related to epigenetic mechanisms in poultry. J. Anim. Sci. 100, skab370 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.4.438","volume":"80","author":"Z Uni","year":"2001","unstructured":"Uni, Z., Gal-Garber, O., Geyra, A., Sklan, D. & Yahav, S. Changes in Growth and Function of Chick Small Intestine Epithelium Due to Early Thermal Conditioning. Poult. Sci. 80, 438\u2013445 (2001).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15081149","volume":"15","author":"S Hundam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hundam, S. et al. Effects of Embryonic Thermal Manipulation on Body Performance and Cecum Microbiome in Broiler Chickens Following a Post-Hatch Lipopolysaccharide Challenge. Animals 15, 1149 (2025).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"31445_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103527","author":"SA Amaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Amaz, S. A., Shahid, M. A. H., Chaudhary, A., Jha, R. & Mishra, B. Embryonic thermal manipulation reduces hatch time, increases hatchability, thermotolerance, and liver metabolism in broiler embryos. Poult. Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103527 (2024).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02568","volume":"92","author":"Y Piestun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Piestun, Y., Druyan, S., Brake, J. & Yahav, S. Thermal treatments prior to and during the beginning of incubation affect phenotypic characteristics of broiler chickens posthatching. Poult. Sci. 92, 882\u2013889 (2013).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR21","unstructured":"Cobb Broiler Management Guide.\u00a0Biosecurity and Farm Sanitation, Siloam Springs, AR:\u00a0Cobb-Vantress, Inc. (accessed March 01 2022).\u00a0www.cobb-vantress.com (2021)."},{"key":"31445_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00966-6","volume":"15","author":"S Al Amaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Amaz, S., Chaudhary, A., Mahato, P. L., Jha, R. & Mishra, B. Pre-hatch thermal manipulation of embryos and post-hatch baicalein supplementation mitigated heat stress in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci Biotechnol. 15, 8 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"31445_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","unstructured":"Segata, N. et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 12, R60 (2011).","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"31445_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1670073","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1670073","volume":"16","author":"SA Amaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Amaz, S. A. et al. Embryonic thermal manipulation improved early immunity in broiler chickens. Front. Physiol. 16, 1670073 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"31445_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273106","volume":"595","author":"TG Dinan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dinan, T. G. & Cryan, J. F. Gut instincts: microbiota as a key regulator of brain development, ageing and neurodegeneration. J. Physiol. 595, 489\u2013503 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"31445_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00950-0","volume":"14","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Gut microbiota intervention attenuates thermogenesis in broilers exposed to high temperature through modulation of the hypothalamic 5-HT pathway. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 14, 159 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"31445_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00576-0","volume":"12","author":"R Jha","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jha, R. & Mishra, P. Dietary fiber in poultry nutrition and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, gut health, and on the environment: a review. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 12, 51 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"31445_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8791","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45066-6","volume":"9","author":"D Crespo-Piazuelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Crespo-Piazuelo, D. et al. Association between the pig genome and its gut microbiota composition. Sci. Rep. 9, 8791 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31445_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1987783","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1987783","volume":"13","author":"J Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, J. et al. Oscillospira - a candidate for the next-generation probiotics. Gut Microbes 13, 1987783 (2021).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"31445_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03473-15","volume":"82","author":"O Polansky","year":"2016","unstructured":"Polansky, O. et al. Important metabolic pathways and biological processes expressed by chicken cecal microbiota. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 82, 1569\u20131576 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"31445_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.712226","volume":"8","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, Q. et al. The Spatial and temporal characterization of gut microbiota in broilers. Front. Vet. Sci. 8, 712226 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.887207","volume":"13","author":"S Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, S. et al. Integrated fecal microbiome and metabolomics reveals a novel potential biomarker for predicting tibial Dyschondroplasia in chickens. Front. Physiol. 13, 887207 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"31445_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12608","volume":"360","author":"BB Oakley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oakley, B. B. et al. The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 360, 100\u2013112 (2014).","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"31445_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2852","volume":"4","author":"I Kimura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kimura, I. et al. The gut microbiota suppresses insulin-mediated fat accumulation via the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43. Nat. Commun. 4, 1829 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"31445_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875796","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1875796","volume":"13","author":"X Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu, X. et al. Blautia \u2014a new functional genus with potential probiotic properties?. Gut Microbes 13, 1875796 (2021).","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"31445_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-021-00110-7","volume":"3","author":"R Lundberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lundberg, R., Scharch, C. & Sandvang, D. The link between broiler flock heterogeneity and cecal microbiome composition. Anim. microbiome 3, 54 (2021).","journal-title":"Anim. microbiome"},{"key":"31445_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.796025","volume":"12","author":"JG Kers","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kers, J. G. & Saccenti, E. The Power of microbiome studies: some considerations on which alpha and beta metrics to use and how to report results. Front. Microbiol. 12, 796025 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"31445_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61299-6","volume":"14","author":"PM Campos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Campos, P. M., Miska, K. B., Jenkins, M. C., Yan, X. & Proszkowiec-Weglarz, M. Effects of Eimeria acervulina infection on the luminal and mucosal microbiota of the cecum and ileum in broiler chickens. Sci. Rep. 14, 10702 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"31445_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15071070","volume":"15","author":"NP T-Thienprasert","year":"2025","unstructured":"T-Thienprasert, N. P. et al. Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of thai indigenous chicken fed house crickets. Animals 15, 1070 (2025).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"31445_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00571-5","volume":"12","author":"S Wasti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wasti, S. et al. Dietary supplementation of dried plum: a novel strategy to mitigate heat stress in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 12, 58 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"31445_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01996-06","volume":"73","author":"CA Lozupone","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lozupone, C. A., Hamady, M., Kelley, S. T. & Knight, R. Quantitative and qualitative \u03b2 diversity measures lead to different insights into factors that structure microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 1576\u20131585 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"31445_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2022.04.032","volume":"20","author":"L Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, L. et al. Beta-diversity distance matrices for microbiome sample size and power calculations \u2014 How to obtain good estimates. Computational Struct. Biotechnol. J. 20, 2259\u20132267 (2022).","journal-title":"Computational Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"31445_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9121056","volume":"9","author":"AU Rehman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rehman, A. U. et al. Growth performance of broilers as influenced by different levels and sources of methionine plus cysteine. Animals 9, 1056 (2019).","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"31445_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2741\/s152","volume":"S3","author":"Y Yin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yin, Y. Tryptophan metabolism in animals important roles in nutrition and health. Front. Biosci. S3, 286\u2013297 (2011).","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"31445_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.202400213","volume":"47","author":"S Rashad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rashad, S. Queuosine tRNA modification: connecting the microbiome to the translatome. BioEssays 47, e202400213 (2025).","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"31445_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13020257","volume":"13","author":"M Naeem","year":"2025","unstructured":"Naeem, M. & Bourassa, D. Probiotics in poultry: unlocking productivity through microbiome modulation and gut health. Microorganisms 13, 257 (2025).","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"31445_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-010-0206-6","volume":"6","author":"M Egan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Egan, M. Chapter 8 carbohydrate metabolism in bifidobacteria. Genes Nutr. 6, 285\u2013306 (2011).","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"31445_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2007.13","volume":"3","author":"AH Jenkins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jenkins, A. H., Schyns, G., Potot, S., Sun, G. & Begley, T. P. A new thiamin salvage pathway. Nat. Chem. Biol. 3, 492\u2013497 (2007).","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"31445_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00966-6","volume":"15","author":"S Al Amaz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al Amaz, S., Chaudhary, A., Mahato, P. L., Jha, R. & Mishra, B. Pre-hatch thermal manipulation of embryos and post-hatch baicalein supplementation mitigated heat stress in broiler chickens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 15, 8 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"31445_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v17.i1.10","author":"MA Brown","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brown, M. A. & Hural, J. Functions of IL-4 and control of its expression. Crit. Rev. Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v17.i1.10 (1997).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"31445_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1205.05018","volume":"23","author":"L Rodes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodes, L. Effect of probiotics lactobacillus and bifidobacterium on gut-derived lipopolysaccharides and inflammatory cytokines: an in vitro study using a human colonic microbiota model. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23, 518\u2013526 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"31445_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevImmunol.v32.i1.30","volume":"32","author":"SS Iyer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iyer, S. S. & Cheng, G. Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease. Crit. Rev. Immunol. 32, 23\u201363 (2012).","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"31445_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6101(03)00043-1","volume":"14","author":"WT Watford","year":"2003","unstructured":"Watford, W. T., Moriguchi, M., Morinobu, A. & O\u2019Shea, J. J. The biology of IL-12: coordinating innate and adaptive immune responses. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 14, 361\u2013368 (2003).","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"31445_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00254-09","volume":"16","author":"Y Lu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lu, Y. et al. Expression profiles of genes in toll-like receptor-mediated signaling of broilers infected with Clostridium perfringens. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 16, 1639\u20131647 (2009).","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"31445_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02137.x","volume":"115","author":"H Yang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yang, H., Parkhouse, R. M. E. & Wileman, T. Monoclonal antibodies that identify the CD3 molecules expressed specifically at the surface of porcine \u03b3\u03b4-T cells. Immunol. 115, 189\u2013196 (2005).","journal-title":"Immunol."},{"key":"31445_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev104","volume":"94","author":"MS Lilburn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lilburn, M. S. & Loeffler, S. Early intestinal growth and development in poultry. Poult. Sci. 94, 1569\u20131576 (2015).","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"31445_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-62","volume":"9","author":"ND Temperley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Temperley, N. D., Berlin, S., Paton, I. R., Griffin, D. K. & Burt, D. W. Evolution of the chicken toll-like receptor gene family: a story of gene gain and gene loss. BMC Genomics 9, 62 (2008).","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"31445_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2052.2003.01007.x","volume":"34","author":"H Zhou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhou, H. & Lamont, S. J. Association of transforming growth factor \u03b2 genes with quantitative trait loci for antibody response kinetics in hens. Anim. Genet. 34, 275\u2013282 (2003).","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"31445_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0828-y","volume":"16","author":"M Yang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang, M. et al. Structure-function analysis of Avian \u03b2-defensin-6 and \u03b2-defensin-12: role of charge and disulfide bridges. BMC Microbiol. 16, 210 (2016).","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"31445_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537116","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1537116","volume":"12","author":"S Al Amaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Al Amaz, S., Shahid, M. A. H., Jha, R. & Mishra, B. Early embryonic thermal programming and post-hatch flavonoid (Scutellaria baicalensis) supplementation enhanced immune response markers in broiler chickens. Front. Vet. Sci. 12, 1537116 (2025).","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-48774-y","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777852800000}}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31445-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31445-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31445-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:05:27Z","timestamp":1778000727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-31445-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["31445"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-31445-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48774-y","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-026-48774-y","order":9,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1482"}}