{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T23:53:33Z","timestamp":1794354813659,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["52179132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52179132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Support Program of Henan Province University Science and Technology Innovation Team","award":["24IRTSTHN010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24IRTSTHN010"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Project Plan for Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province","award":["25A570002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25A570002"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and Technological Research Project in Henan Province","award":["242102320061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["242102320061"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32026-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T09:49:29Z","timestamp":1766396969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Experimental and numerical research on the anisotropic compressive mechanical behavior of layered rock"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qingliang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caishuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianqiang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lielie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"32026_CR1","first-page":"3616","volume":"33","author":"SL Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu, S. L. et al. Anisotropic properties study of chlorite schist. Rock Soil Mech 33(12), 3616\u20133623 (2012).","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech"},{"issue":"08","key":"32026_CR2","first-page":"2210","volume":"48","author":"MP Huang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huang, M. P. et al. Experimental study on creep characteristics of anisotropic slate. J. Cent. South Univ. (Sci. Technol.) 48(08), 2210\u20132216 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Cent. South Univ. (Sci. Technol.)"},{"issue":"09","key":"32026_CR3","first-page":"2541","volume":"36","author":"ZK Hou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hou, Z. K. et al. Experimental study on anisotropic properties of Longmaxi formation shale under uniaxial compression. Rock Soil Mech. 36(09), 2541\u20132550 (2015).","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"issue":"01","key":"32026_CR4","first-page":"93","volume":"13","author":"RH Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang, R. H. et al. Influence of joint on deformation and failure characteristics of sandstone. Chin. J. Undergr. Sp. Eng. 13(01), 93\u2013100 (2017).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Undergr. Sp. Eng."},{"issue":"10","key":"32026_CR5","first-page":"3300","volume":"31","author":"H Lin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lin, H. et al. Numerical analysis of failure modes and stability of stratified rock slopes. Rock Soil Mech. 31(10), 3300\u20133304 (2010).","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"issue":"06","key":"32026_CR6","first-page":"1629","volume":"38","author":"JY Teng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Teng, J. Y. et al. Damage process and characteristics of layered water-bearing shale under uniaxial compression. Rock Soil Mech. 38(06), 1629\u20131638 (2017).","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mech."},{"issue":"S2","key":"32026_CR7","first-page":"3933","volume":"25","author":"LY Li","year":"2006","unstructured":"Li, L. Y. et al. Special phenomena of fracture and mechanism analysis of layered rock mass. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 25(S2), 3933\u20133938 (2006).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"key":"32026_CR8","first-page":"191","volume":"37","author":"S Zuo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zuo, S. et al. Numerical simulation and engineering application for failure modes and criterion of layered anisotropic rock mass. Chin. J. Geotech. Eng. 37, 191\u2013196 (2015).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geotech. Eng."},{"issue":"3","key":"32026_CR9","first-page":"43","volume":"61","author":"A Ghazvinian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ghazvinian, A., Azizian, F. & Nejati, H. Failure analysis of transversely isotropic rocks - A numerical study. J. Mines. Metals Fuels 61(3), 43\u201353 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Mines. Metals Fuels"},{"issue":"3","key":"32026_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-013-0505-4","volume":"72","author":"A Basu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Basu, A., Mishra, D. A. & Roychowdhury, K. Rock failure modes under uniaxial compression, Brazilian, and point load tests. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 72(3), 457\u2013475 (2013).","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Env."},{"key":"32026_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tecto.2014.03.006","volume":"622","author":"V Roche","year":"2014","unstructured":"Roche, V. et al. Normal faults, layering and elastic properties of rocks. Tectonophysics 622, 96\u2013109 (2014).","journal-title":"Tectonophysics"},{"issue":"1","key":"32026_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00603-017-1300-5","volume":"51","author":"J Kundu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kundu, J. et al. The effect of lineation on anisotropy in dry and saturated himalayan schistose rock under Brazilian Test conditions. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 51(1), 5\u201321 (2018).","journal-title":"Rock Mech. Rock Eng."},{"key":"32026_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-023-03400-3","volume":"82","author":"PT Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, P. T. et al. Anisotropic behavior of excavated layered rock mass subjected to compression considering the joint roughness. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 82, 373 (2023).","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Env."},{"key":"32026_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-023-03445-4","volume":"82","author":"M Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, M. et al. Energy evolution analysis and related failure criterion for layered rocks. Bull. Eng. Geol. Env. 82, 439 (2023).","journal-title":"Bull. Eng. Geol. Env."},{"key":"32026_CR15","unstructured":"Pinto, I.J. Stress and Strain in an Anisotropic-othotropic Body, Proc. First Cong of the Int. Soc. For Rock Mech 1966: 625\u2013635. (1966)."},{"issue":"3","key":"32026_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(95)00062-3","volume":"33","author":"B Amadei","year":"1996","unstructured":"Amadei, B. Importance of anisotropy when estimating and measuring in situ stresses in rock. Int. J. Rock Mech. Sci. Geomach. Abstr. 33(3), 293\u2013325 (1996).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Sci. Geomach. Abstr."},{"issue":"3","key":"32026_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(71)90021-0","volume":"8","author":"CD Pomeroy","year":"1971","unstructured":"Pomeroy, C. D., Hobbs, D. W. & Mahmoud, A. Effect of weakness- plane orientation on the fracture of Barnsley Hards by triaxial compression. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 8(3), 227\u2013238 (1971).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"32026_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S1365-1609(02)00103-X","volume":"40","author":"MHB Nasseri","year":"2003","unstructured":"Nasseri, M. H. B., Rao, K. S. & Ramamurthy, T. Anisotropic strength and deformation behavior of Himalayan schists. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 40(1), 3\u201323 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"32026_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-9062(98)00171-5","volume":"36","author":"E Maranini","year":"1999","unstructured":"Maranini, E. & Brignoli, M. Creep behaviour of a weak rock: Experimental characterization. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 36(1), 127\u2013138 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"32026_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0148-9062(75)91084-0","volume":"12","author":"DP Singh","year":"1975","unstructured":"Singh, D. P. A study of creep of rocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. Geo. Abst. 12(9), 271\u2013276 (1975).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Mining Sci. Geo. Abst."},{"key":"32026_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016756800061100","volume":"97","author":"JC Jeager","year":"1960","unstructured":"Jeager, J. C. Shear failure of anisotropic rocks. Geol. Mag. 97, 65\u201372 (1960).","journal-title":"Geol. Mag."},{"issue":"6","key":"32026_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/S0148-9062(98)00013-8","volume":"35","author":"G Duveau","year":"1998","unstructured":"Duveau, G. & Shao, J. F. A modified single plane of weakness theory for the failure of highly stratified rocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 35(6), 807\u2013813 (1998).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"32026_CR23","first-page":"313","volume":"1","author":"T Ramamurthy","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ramamurthy, T. Strength and modulus responses of anisotropic rocks. Compr. Rock Eng. 1, 313\u2013329 (1993).","journal-title":"Compr. Rock Eng."},{"issue":"12","key":"32026_CR24","first-page":"2496","volume":"28","author":"JL Pei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pei, J. L., Liu, J. F. & Xu, J. Experimental study of mechanical properties of layered marble under unloading condition. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 28(12), 2496\u20132502 (2009).","journal-title":"Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"32026_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2004.08.009","volume":"42","author":"K Shin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shin, K. et al. Variation in strength and creep life of six Japanese rocks. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 42(2), 251\u2013260 (2005).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"32026_CR26","unstructured":"Liu, Y.S. Research on the theory and engineering applications of the brazilian splitting test for transversely isotropic rock masses [D], Central south university. (2013)."},{"key":"32026_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2023.06.006","volume":"16","author":"SL Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, S. L. et al. Investigation of anisotropic strength criteria for layered rock mass. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 16, 1289\u20131304 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"32026_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2024.104540","volume":"133","author":"XZ Xia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xia, X. Z. et al. A new nonlocal macro-micro-scale consistent damage model for layered rock mass. Theoret. Appl. Fract. Mech. 133, 104540 (2024).","journal-title":"Theoret. Appl. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"32026_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2024.110541","volume":"311","author":"JW Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu, J. W. et al. Investigating tensile failure mechanisms of layered rocks through physical testing and PFC3D analysis. Eng. Fract. Mech. 311, 110541 (2024).","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"32026_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2023.105450","volume":"169","author":"QS Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, Q. S. et al. An analytical solution of critical sliding displacement for the flexural buckling failure of layered rock slopes. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 169, 105450 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci."},{"key":"32026_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-024-11841-6","volume":"83","author":"X Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, X. et al. Study on macro and micro damage mechanisms of layered rock under Brazilian splitting. Environ. Earth Sci. 83, 541 (2024).","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"32026_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3946105","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3946105","volume":"2018","author":"LL Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, L. L., Xiao, M. L. & Tan, C. A new rock joint generation method and its verification in pfc2d. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 3946105 (2018).","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"32026_CR33","unstructured":"Pierce, M., Cundall, P. & Potyondy, D. A Synthetic rock mass model for jointed rock[M] (2018)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32026-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32026-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32026-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:06:40Z","timestamp":1777396000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32026-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["32026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-32026-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"45106"}}