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This study aimed to elucidate the effects of Sal B on the A549 cell line and to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, A549 cells were co-cultured with varying concentrations of Sal B for 48\u00a0h. We utilized MTT, wound healing, and transwell assays to evaluate cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, respectively. The expression levels of miR-23a-3p, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Snail, PTEN, and p-AKT were analyzed using western blotting and RT-PCR. Additionally, a xenograft model of transplanted A549 tumors was employed to assess the in\n                    <jats:italic>vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    antitumor effects of Sal B. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was utilized to measure the expression of cleaved PARP, E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Snail. Our findings demonstrated that Sal B inhibited A549 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, in\n                    <jats:italic>vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments revealed that Sal B significantly suppressed the growth and metastasis of A549 tumors, as evidenced by elevated levels of cleaved PARP and E-cadherin, along with a marked reduction in N-cadherin and Snail compared with the control group. Importantly, we observed that Sal B significantly downregulated miR-23a-3p expression, whereas the overexpression of miR-23a-3p via transfection attenuated the inhibitory effects of Sal B on A549 cell proliferation and metastasis. Western blot results indicated that the downregulation of miR-23a-3p led to the upregulation of PTEN and the downregulation of p-AKT. Collectively, these findings suggest that Sal B\u2019s mechanism of action in NSCLC may involve the modulation of the miR-23a\/PTEN\/AKT signaling pathway, thereby highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate for NSCLC.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32336-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:04:59Z","timestamp":1766390699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Salvianolic acid B inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of A549 lung cancer cells via miR-23a\/PTEN\/AKT pathway"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingjun","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"32336_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11701","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111701","volume":"22","author":"K Bajbouj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bajbouj, K., Al-Ali, A., Ramakrishnan, R. 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