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In this work, deep learning (DL) was used to develop an automatic disease identification system for the leaves of potato and mango plants using two publicly available datasets, the PlantVillage Potato Leaf Disease (2,152 images) dataset and the Kaggle Mango Leaf Disease dataset (4,000 images). Images were pre-processed, augmented, and split into training and testing datasets (80:20), to enable better model generalization. Four deep learning architectures, namely Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), AlexNet, Residual Networks (ResNet), and EfficientNet, were evaluated in the context of multi-class disease classification. The baseline CNN achieved a training accuracy of 93.67% and a testing accuracy of 92.61%, with balanced precision and recall (92.5%), thus providing a very strong feature extraction and classification capability. AlexNet showed moderate performance (91.3% training, 90.2% validation), and a very small overfitting was observed. ResNet had an efficient convergence, and attained 96.7% validation accuracy in just a few epochs, thus pointing out the advantage of residual connections in the context of deeper learning. EfficientNet surpassed all the other architectures, since it reached a training accuracy of 98.2% and a validation accuracy of 97.8%, with very small loss (\u2248\u20090.015) and no overfitting, thus proving to have the best generalization ability. The models demonstrated stability and discriminative ability with the support of confusion matrices and accuracy and loss plots produced on an epoch-wise basis. Therefore, the findings indicate that DL models can be adapted for real-time and accurate plant disease diagnosis, establishing a pathway for early remediation, and supporting precision agriculture. The research establishes the opportunity for EfficientNet to be considered a promising solution for scalable smart farming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32607-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T23:55:37Z","timestamp":1766534137000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Deep learning-based disease detection in potato and mango leaves: a comparative study of CNN, AlexNet, ResNet, and EfficientNet"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Utkarsh","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansh","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logeswari","family":"G","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamilarasi","family":"K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"32607_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arya, S. & Singh, R. 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