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To address this, to the best of the author\u2019s knowledge, three prior contributions were made for the first time: (i) proposed a concept in which medical-grade Powered Air-Purifying Respirators (PAPRs) used by the general public can serve as an engineering alternative to lockdowns; (ii) disclosed a proof-of-concept PAPR with aerosol-blocking performance comparable to medical devices at a parts cost of USD 40; and (iii) demonstrated via mathematical modeling that if more than 55% of the population wears PAPRs continuously\u2014or if everyone wears them intermittently to a moderate extent\u2014the effective reproduction number\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:sub>\n                      <jats:bold>t<\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:sub>\n                    can be reduced from 2.0 to 0.9. Building on these prior results, this study proposes and prototypes an IoT-based management framework\u2014the PAPR Wearing-Status Networked Management System (PWS-NET)\u2014that seeks to reconcile governmental infection control with individuals\u2019 freedom to choose the time and place of non-wearing. The core metric is Saved Allowance Time (SAT), i.e., an accumulative daily allowance for mask-off periods. The prototype integrates three components: (a) real-time wearing detection for PAPRs using a differential-pressure sensor, (b) user-declared location via a smartphone application, and (c) a rule-based web server that updates SAT on a daily basis. Scenario tests that emulate realistic use conditions confirmed correct operation of SAT updates and violation judgments, as well as effective real-time visual feedback to users. Constructed entirely from off-the-shelf components, the prototype is intended as a starting point for large-scale field studies aimed at integrating SAT-based governance into public-health policy for future outbreaks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32625-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T19:13:48Z","timestamp":1765653228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Time-managed PAPR use enables a balanced approach to infection control and personal freedom"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yusaku","family":"Fujii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"32625_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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