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This study evaluated the curative effect of crocin on carbon tetrachloride (CCl\u2084)-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats and explored the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty male rats were allocated into three groups: a control group treated subcutaneously (SC) with corn oil for 8 weeks followed by intraperitoneal (IP) saline for 2 weeks; a spontaneous recovery group (CCl\u2084-SC for 8 weeks followed by saline IP for 2 weeks); and a crocin recovery group (CCl\u2084-SC for 8 weeks followed by crocin 100 mg\/kg\/day IP for 2 weeks). Liver function tests, fibrosis biomarkers, collagen deposition, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress indices, and the gene expression of collagen I and \u03b1-SMA were assessed using ELISA, spectrophotometry, or qRT-PCR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crocin significantly improved liver function and reduced fibrosis markers (hyaluronic acid, laminin, PCIII, hydroxyproline, TGF-\u03b2, TIMP-1). Furthermore, it downregulated collagen I and \u03b1-SMA expression and suppressed NF-\u03baB mediated inflammatory cytokines (TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, NO). It also enhanced antioxidant defenses (GSH, SOD, catalase, GSH-Px) compared with the spontaneous recovery group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Crocin exerts a promising curative effect against CCl\u2084-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats by suppressing NF-\u03baB driven inflammation and profibrogenic mediators, thereby limiting collagen deposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32672-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T20:23:48Z","timestamp":1768422228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Targeting NF-kappa B\/proinflammatory cytokines\/ TGF-\u03b2\/ TIMP-1 pathway by crocin enhances recovery from hepatic fibrosis in rats"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Memy H.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir A.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raed S.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"32672_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00372-7","volume":"18","author":"T Kisseleva","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kisseleva, T. & Brenner, D. 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