{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:49:05Z","timestamp":1793735345958,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32682-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T10:03:11Z","timestamp":1766397791000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Awareness of obesity\u2019s causes is not linked to less Weight-Related bias"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Albert","family":"Lecube","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo J.","family":"Galindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Salinas-Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I\u00f1aki","family":"Marina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Ciudin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Bel\u00e9n","family":"Crujeiras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharona","family":"Azriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"G\u00f3mez-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Bustos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Butrague\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilliam","family":"Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo E.","family":"Umpierrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda M","family":"Malag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"32682_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30175-1","volume":"388","author":"E Di","year":"2016","unstructured":"Di -, E. et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: Individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet 388, 776\u2013786 (2016).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"32682_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2021.07.001","volume":"56","author":"SM - Fruh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fruh, S. M., Graves, R. J., Hauff, C., Williams, S. G. & Hall, H. R. Weight bias and stigma: Impact on health. Nurs. Clin. North. Am. 56, 479\u2013493 (2021).","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"32682_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2023.02.002","volume":"52","author":"RM - Puhl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Puhl, R. M. Weight stigma and barriers to effective obesity care. Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am. 52, 417\u2013428 (2023).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"32682_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2008.636","volume":"17","author":"RM Puhl","year":"2009","unstructured":"Puhl, R. M. & Heuer, C. A. The stigma of obesity: A review and update. Obesity 17, 941\u2013964 (2009).","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"32682_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102936","volume":"70","author":"AJ Tomiyama","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomiyama, A. J. Stress and obesity. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70, 703\u2013718 (2019).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"32682_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12266","volume":"16","author":"SM Phelan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phelan, S. M. et al. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obes. Rev. 16, 319\u2013326 (2015).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"32682_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0803-x","volume":"26","author":"F Rubino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rubino, F. et al. Joint international consensus statement for ending stigma of obesity. Nat. Med. 26, 485\u2013497 (2020).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"32682_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-021-01217-1","volume":"27","author":"L Busetto","year":"2022","unstructured":"Busetto, L., Sbraccia, P. & Vettor, R. Obesity management: At the forefront against disease stigma and therapeutic inertia. Eat. Weight Disord. 27, 761\u2013768 (2022).","journal-title":"Eat. Weight Disord"},{"key":"32682_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1209245","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1209245","volume":"14","author":"E S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, E. et al. Assessment of obesity stigma and discrimination among Spanish subjects with a wide weight range: The OBESTIGMA study. Front. Psychol. 14, 1209245 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"32682_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.247","volume":"20","author":"DL Lieberman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lieberman, D. L., Tybur, J. M. & Latner, J. D. Disgust sensitivity, obesity stigma, and gender: Contamination psychology predicts weight bias for women, not men. Obes. (Silver Spring). 20, 1803\u20131814 (2012).","journal-title":"Obes. (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"32682_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12543","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12543","volume":"12","author":"S Macho","year":"2022","unstructured":"Macho, S., Andr\u00e9s, A. & Salda\u00f1a, C. Anti-fat attitudes among Spanish general population: Psychometric properties of the anti-fat attitudes scale. Clin. Obes. 12, e12543 (2022).","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"32682_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161688.PS","volume":"23","author":"JI Mechanick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mechanick, J. I., Hurley, D. L. & Garvey, W. T. Adiposity-Based chronic disease as a new diagnostic term: The American association of clinical endocrinologists and American college of endocrinology position statement. Endocr. Pract. 23, 372\u2013378 (2017).","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"32682_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03095-3","volume":"30","author":"L Busetto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Busetto, L. et al. A new framework for the diagnosis, staging and management of obesity in adults. Nat. Med. 30, 2395\u20132399 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"32682_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1159\/000544880","volume":"18","author":"A Lecube","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lecube, A. et al. The Spanish GIRO guideline: A paradigm shift in the management of obesity in adults. Obes. Facts. 18, 375\u2013387 (2025).","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"32682_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-012-0791-0","volume":"23","author":"A Caix\u00e0s","year":"2013","unstructured":"Caix\u00e0s, A. et al. Weight-related quality of life in Spanish obese subjects suitable for bariatric surgery is lower than in their North American counterparts: A case-control study. Obes. Surg. 23, 509\u2013514 (2013).","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"32682_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16454-5","volume":"23","author":"V Forouhar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Forouhar, V. et al. Weight bias internalization and beliefs about the causes of obesity among the Canadian public. BMC Public. Health. 23, 1621 (2023).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"32682_CR17","first-page":"582","volume":"17","author":"E S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, E. et al. Discrimination and stigma associated with obesity: A comparative study between Spain and Egypt Data from the OBESTIGMA study. Obes. Facts. 17, 582\u2013592 (2024).","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"32682_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.04.003","volume":"53","author":"MS Himmelstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Himmelstein, M. S., Puhl, R. M. & &Quinn, D. M. Intersectionality: An understudied framework for addressing weight stigma. Am. J. Prev. Med. 53, 421\u2013431 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"32682_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027673","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-027673","volume":"9","author":"M Bernard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernard, M., Fankh\u00e4nel, T., Riedel-Heller, S. G. & Luck-Sikorski, C. Does weight-related stigmatisation and discrimination depend on educational attainment and level of income? A systematic review. BMJ Open. 9, e027673 (2019).","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"32682_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12625","volume":"28","author":"JA Rathbone","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rathbone, J. A. et al. How conceptualizing obesity as a disease affects beliefs about weight, and associated weight stigma and clinical decision-making in health care. Br. J. Health Psychol. 28, 291\u2013305 (2023).","journal-title":"Br. J. Health Psychol."},{"key":"32682_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14977","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214977","volume":"19","author":"W Styk","year":"2022","unstructured":"Styk, W., Wojtowicz, E. & Zmorzynski, S. Reliable knowledge about obesity Risk, rather than Personality, is associated with positive beliefs towards obese people: Investigating attitudes and beliefs about obesity, and validating the Polish versions of ATOP, BAOP and ORK-10 scales. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health. 19, 14977 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"32682_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12701","volume":"19","author":"RL Pearl","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pearl, R. L. & Puhl, R. M. Weight bias internalization and health: A systematic review. Obes. Rev. 19, 1141\u20131163 (2018).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"32682_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2003.142","volume":"11","author":"MB Schwartz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schwartz, M. B., Chambliss, H. O., Brownell, K. D. & Blair, S. N. Billington C. Weight bias among health professionals specializing in obesity. Obes. Res. 11, 1033\u20131039 (2003).","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"32682_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13696","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13696","volume":"25","author":"GH Telo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Telo, G. H. et al. Obesity bias: How can this underestimated problem affect medical decisions in healthcare? A systematic review. Obes. Rev. 25, e13696 (2024).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"32682_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1116-5","volume":"16","author":"AJ Tomiyama","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tomiyama, A. J. et al. How and why weight stigma drives the obesity \u2018epidemic\u2019 and harms health. BMC Med. 16, 123 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"32682_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13494","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13494","volume":"23","author":"B Talumaa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Talumaa, B., Brown, A., Batterham, R. L. & Kalea A. Z. Effective strategies in ending weight stigma in healthcare. Obes. Rev. 23, e13494 (2022).","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"32682_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-10-9","volume":"10","author":"L Bacon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bacon, L. & Aphramor, L. Weight science: Evaluating the evidence for a paradigm shift. Nutr. J. 10, 9 (2011).","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"32682_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tylka, T. L. et al. The weight-inclusive versus weight-normative approach to health: Evaluating the evidence for prioritizing well-being over weight loss. J. Obes. 983495 2014 (2014).","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/983495"},{"key":"32682_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281043","volume":"310","author":"NJ Christian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Christian, N. J., King, W. C., Yanovski, S. Z., Courcoulas, A. P. & Belle, S. H. Validity of Self-reported weights following bariatric surgery. JAMA 310, 2454 (2013).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"32682_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01395","volume":"11","author":"S Vesely","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vesely, S. & Kl\u00f6ckner, C. A. Social desirability in environmental psychology research: Three Meta-Analyses. Front. Psychol. 11, 1395 (2020).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"32682_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12454","DOI":"10.1111\/cob.12454","volume":"11","author":"S Macho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Macho, S., Andr\u00e9s, A. & Salda\u00f1a, C. Validation of the modified weight bias internalization scale in a Spanish adult population. Clin. Obes. 11, e12454 (2021).","journal-title":"Clin. Obes."},{"key":"32682_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-019-1198-6","volume":"17","author":"MC Tsai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tsai, M. C. et al. Attitudes toward and beliefs about obese persons across Hong Kong and taiwan: Wording effects and measurement invariance. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 17, 134 (2019).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"key":"32682_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00495-3","volume":"12","author":"S Westbury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Westbury, S., Oyebode, O., van Rens, T. & Barber, T. M. Obesity stigma: Causes, Consequences, and potential solutions. Curr. Obes. Rep. 12, 10\u201323 (2023).","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"32682_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.5688\/aj720111","volume":"72","author":"JR Draugalis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Draugalis, J. R., Coons, S. J. & Plaza, C. M. Best practices for survey research reports: A synopsis for authors and reviewers. Am. J. Pharm. Educ. 72, 11 (2008).","journal-title":"Am. J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"32682_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195249","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1195249","volume":"11","author":"E Guti\u00e9rrez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Gonz\u00e1lez, E. et al. Socio-geographical disparities of obesity and excess weight in adults in spain: Insights from the ENE-COVID study. Front. Public. Health. 11, 1195249 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32682-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32682-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32682-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T12:55:32Z","timestamp":1777121732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-32682-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["32682"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-32682-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Arnau de Vilanova University Hospital, approval number CEIC-2190 (December 16, 2019). This study was conducted in full compliance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and Spanish legislation on the protection of personal data was also followed. Additionally, the study adhered to the ethical standards specified by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) and the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research (ESOMAR) International Code on Market, Opinion, and Social Research and Data Analytics. Participants were asked to join voluntarily and were not awarded any financial or other compensation. As this was a telephone-based survey, no written consent was collected; however, verbal informed consent was obtained in accordance with Spanish legislation on data protection and ethical standards for opinion and social research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical statement"}}],"article-number":"45105"}}