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To investigate the anatomical and functional specializations enabling this lifestyle, we compared the leg morphology and musculature of\n                    <jats:italic>E. horridus<\/jats:italic>\n                    with its terrestrial relative, the human head louse (\n                    <jats:italic>Pediculus humanus capitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), using synchrotron-based 3D microtomography and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our findings reveal that the seal louse has developed a highly compact and robust leg structure with a fused tibiotarsus, an additional set of leg muscles, and a shortened claw tendon\u2014an unprecedented adaptation among insects. These features allow for greater force transmission and reduced metabolic cost during sustained attachment. Behavioral assays further show that\n                    <jats:italic>E. horridus<\/jats:italic>\n                    can only move effectively on hair-like substrates, underscoring its complete reliance on host fur. These findings suggest a highly specialized muscular control system enabling strong, reliable, and reversible attachment in a challenging aquatic environment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32804-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T15:20:53Z","timestamp":1766503253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Functional morphology of the leg musculature in the marine seal louse: adaptations for high-performance attachment to diving hosts"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anika","family":"Preuss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"van de Kamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Hamann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Zuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Ornowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav N.","family":"Gorb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"32804_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gorb, S.N. 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