{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:55:33Z","timestamp":1781628933024,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u201cASPIRE Arctic storm impacts recorded in beach-ridges and lake archives: scenarios for less icy future\u201d No. UMO-2020\/37\/B\/ST10\/03074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u201cASPIRE Arctic storm impacts recorded in beach-ridges and lake archives: scenarios for less icy future\u201d No. UMO-2020\/37\/B\/ST10\/03074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the last 10,000 years, no fewer than 178 beach-ridges were formed and preserved at Bjonasletta in central Spitsbergen, recording shifts in relative sea-level and fluctuations in glacier- and sea ice extent. Shell-based dating of beach-ridge crests combined with a centimetre-scale photogrammetry-based digital elevation model reveal that the formation of this beach sequence progressed through three major phases of relative sea-level fall. In line with other records from the central part of the archipelago, we observe a rapid (0.9\u00a0m per century) fall in sea-level during the Early Holocene, followed by a gradual deceleration (0.45\u00a0m per century) during the Middle Holocene, until near-modern levels were reached around 2.2\u00a0ka. Ground-penetrating radar surveying of the internal sedimentary architecture of the beach-ridges suggests that plain progradation and ridge formation were dominated by continuous swash accretion under fair-weather conditions. We argue that climate changes are recorded by the geometry and formation rate of individual ridges. Correlations of the beach-ridge record with independent climate proxy data suggest that warmer conditions at 10\u20136\u00a0ka were favourable for supplying the beach-ridge plain with sediments from nearby slopes and reworked glacial landforms, allowing ridges to form at a relatively rapid rate of ~\u200945 yrs per ridge. Climate cooling, particularly after 4\u00a0ka during the Neoglacial period, allowed for the expansion of sea-ice coverage in the fjords and the advance of marine-terminating glaciers, which reduced fetch in the fjord and limited the transfer of wave energy onto the Bjonasletta beach. This led to a reduction in sediment supply to the beach-ridge plain and an attendant slowing of progradation to ~\u2009100 yrs per ridge. The Neoglacial was further characterized by the development of coastal permafrost across the beach-ridge plain, which crept down from extensive talus slopes and dissected ridges through frost fissure and ice-wedge polygons. Our findings suggest that the morphology and growth patterns of beach-ridge plains, common throughout global high latitudes, can archive signals not only of sea-ice and sea-level fluctuations, but also of glacial advance and retreat, opening a new avenue for paleo-environmental reconstructions in the planet\u2019s most sensitive and rapidly changing regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33652-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T08:53:31Z","timestamp":1767430411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["10,000 years of centennially-resolved climate and sea-level change archived in Svalbard beach-ridge system"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mateusz C.","family":"Strzelecki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Lindhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Hein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem G. M.","family":"van der Bilt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Kivimaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Kavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"33652_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.06.004","volume":"114","author":"T Tamura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tamura, T. Beach ridges and prograded beach deposits as palaeoenvironment records. Earth Sci. Rev. 114 (3\u20134), 279\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earscirev.2012.06.004 (2012).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0309133311419549","volume":"36","author":"A Scheffers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scheffers, A., Engel, M., Scheffers, S., Squire, P. & Kelletat, D. Beach ridge systems \u2013 archives for Holocene coastal events? Progress Phys. Geography: Earth Environ. 36 (1), 5\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0309133311419549 (2012).","journal-title":"Progress Phys. Geography: Earth Environ."},{"key":"33652_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hein, C. J. & Ashton, A. D. Long-term shoreline change: processes & preservation of environmental signals, in Sandy Beach Morphodynamics (eds Short, A. D. & Jackson, D.) 487\u2013531 (Elsevier, 2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-08-102927-5.00021-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-102927-5.00021-7"},{"key":"33652_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2025.109659","volume":"476","author":"A Rovere","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rovere, A. et al. Reconstructing past sea-level changes from storm-built beach ridges. Geomorphology 476, 109659 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2025.109659 (2025).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"issue":"2","key":"33652_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1978)62.0.co;2","volume":"6","author":"C Hillaire\u2013Marcel","year":"1978","unstructured":"Hillaire\u2013Marcel, C. & Fairbridge, R. W. Isostasy and eustasy of Hudson Bay. Geology 6 (2), 117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/0091-7613(1978)62.0.co;2 (1978).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"33652_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1177\/095968369300300203","volume":"3","author":"III Fletcher","year":"1993","unstructured":"Fletcher, I. I. I., Fairbridge, C. H. I., Moller, R. W., Long, J. J. & A.J Emergence of the Varanger Peninsula, Arctic Norway, and climate changes since deglaciation. Holocene 3, 116\u2013127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/095968369300300203 (1993).","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"33652_CR7","unstructured":"Mason, O. K., Jordan, J. W. & Plug, L. Late Holocene Storm and Sea-Level History in the Chukchi Sea. J. Coast. Res. Special Issue No. 17. Holocene cycles: climate, sea levels, and sedimentation 173\u2013180 (1995)."},{"key":"33652_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1127\/zfg\/46\/2002\/309","volume":"46","author":"H bon\u00fcckner","year":"2002","unstructured":"bon\u00fcckner, H., Schellmann, G. & van der Borg, K. Uplifted beach ridges in Northern Spitsbergen as indicators for glacio-isostasy and palaeo-oceanography. Z. Fur Geomorphologie. 46, 309\u2013336 (2002).","journal-title":"Z. Fur Geomorphologie"},{"issue":"2","key":"33652_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1191\/0959683602hl532r","volume":"12","author":"JJ M\u00f8ller","year":"2002","unstructured":"M\u00f8ller, J. J., Yevzerov, V. Y., Kolka, V. V. & Corner, C. D. Holocene raised-beach ridges and sea-icepushed boulders on the Kola Peninsula, Northwest russia: indicators of Climatic change. Holocene 12 (2), 169\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/0959683602hl532r (2002).","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"33652_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2003.12.007","volume":"23","author":"SL Forman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Forman, S. L. et al. A review of postglacial emergence on Svalbard, Franz Josef land and Novaya Zemlya, Northern Eurasia. Q. Sci. Rev. 23, 1391\u20131434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2003.12.007 (2004).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"33652_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.05.029","volume":"104","author":"E Sanjaume","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sanjaume, E. & Tolgensbakk, J. Beach ridges from the Varanger Peninsula (Arctic Norwegian coast): characteristics and significance. Geomorphology 104 (1\u20132), 82\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2008.05.029 (2009).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"33652_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/00167223.2010.10669515","volume":"110","author":"OK Mason","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mason, O. K. Beach ridge geomorphology at cape Grinnell, Northern greenland: a less icy Arctic in the Mid-Holocene. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish J. Geogr. 110, 337\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00167223.2010.10669515 (2010).","journal-title":"Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish J. Geogr."},{"key":"33652_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic976","volume":"63","author":"D St-Hilaire-Gravel","year":"2010","unstructured":"St-Hilaire-Gravel, D., Bell, T. J. & Forbes, D. L. Raised gravel beaches as proxy indicators of past sea-ice and wave conditions, lowther Island. Can. Arct. Archipel. Arct. 63, 213\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14430\/arctic976 (2010).","journal-title":"Can. Arct. Archipel. Arct."},{"issue":"6043","key":"33652_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1202760","volume":"333","author":"S Funder","year":"2011","unstructured":"Funder, S. et al. A 10,000-year record of Arctic ocean sea-ice variability-view from the beach. Science 333 (6043), 747\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1202760 (2011).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"33652_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2112\/jcoastres-d-11-00020.1","volume":"280","author":"D St-Hilaire-Gravel","year":"2012","unstructured":"St-Hilaire-Gravel, D., Forbes, D. L. & Bell, T. Multitemporal analysis of a gravel-dominated coastline in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago. J. Coastal Res. 280, 421\u2013441. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2112\/jcoastres-d-11-00020.1 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Coastal Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46460","DOI":"10.1038\/srep46460","volume":"7","author":"L. Nielsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nielsen, L. et al. Sea-level proxies in Holocene Raised beach ridge deposits (Greenland) revealed by ground-penetrating radar. Sci. Rep. 7 (1), 46460 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep46460 (2017).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"33652_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sander, L. et al. Indication of Holocene sea-level stability in the Southern Laptev Sea recorded by beach ridges in north-east Siberia. Russia Polar Res. 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33265\/polar.v38.3379 (2019).","DOI":"10.33265\/polar.v38.3379"},{"key":"33652_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.06.009","volume":"48","author":"AJ Long","year":"2012","unstructured":"Long, A. J., Strzelecki, M. C., Lloyd, J. M. & Bryant, C. L. Dating High Arctic Holocene relative sea level changes using juvenile articulated marine shells in raised beaches. Q. Sci. Rev. 48, 61\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.06.009 (2012).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.06.013","volume":"221","author":"S Lindhorst","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lindhorst, S. & Schutter, I. Polar gravel beach-ridge systems: sedimentary architecture, genesis, and implications for climate reconstructions (South Shetland Islands\/Western Antarctic Peninsula). Geomorphology 221, 187203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.06.013 (2014).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"33652_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2025.119646","volume":"671","author":"SR Kong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kong, S. R. et al. Sub-centennially resolved reconstruction of surface temperature on high Arctic Svalbard for the past 13,000 years. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 671, 119646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsl.2025.119646 (2025).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"33652_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2014.11.017","volume":"109","author":"TO R\u00f8the","year":"2015","unstructured":"R\u00f8the, T. O. et al. Arctic Holocene glacier fluctuations reconstructed from lake sediments at Mitrahalv\u00f8ya. Spitsbergen Quaternary Sci. Reviews. 109, 111\u2013125 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2014.11.017 (2015).","journal-title":"Spitsbergen Quaternary Sci. Reviews"},{"key":"33652_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14732","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL084384","volume":"46","author":"WGM van der Bilt","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Bilt, W. G. M., D\u2019Andrea, W. J., Werner, J. P. & Bakke, J. Early Holocene temperature oscillations exceed amplitude of observed and projected warming in Svalbard lakes. Geophys. Res. Lett. 46, 14732\u2013147414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2019GL084384 (2019).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"33652_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"93","author":"RW Feyling-Hanssen","year":"1965","unstructured":"Feyling-Hanssen, R. W. Shoreline displacement in central Vestspitsbergen. Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser. 93, 1\u20135 (1965).","journal-title":"Norsk Polarinstitutt Meddelelser"},{"issue":"6","key":"33652_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1017\/s0016756800041546","volume":"111","author":"GS Boulton","year":"1974","unstructured":"Boulton, G. S. & Rhodes, M. Isostatic uplift and glacial history in Northern Spitsbergen. Geol. Mag. 111 (6), 481\u2013500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0016756800041546 (1974).","journal-title":"Geol. Mag."},{"key":"33652_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/04353676.1981.11880043","volume":"63","author":"O Salvigsen","year":"1981","unstructured":"Salvigsen, O. Radiocarbon dated raised beaches in Kong Karls Land, Svalbard, and their consequences for the glacial history of the Barents Sea area. Geogr. Ann. Ser. A-Physical Geogr. 63, 283\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/04353676.1981.11880043 (1981).","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann. Ser. A-Physical Geogr."},{"key":"33652_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(94)00107-M","volume":"14","author":"K Lambeck","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lambeck, K. Constraints on the Late Weichselian ice-sheet over the Barents Sea from observations of raised shorelines. Q. Sci. Rev. 14, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-3791(94)00107-M (1995).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6799","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43342-z","volume":"9","author":"A Schomacker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schomacker, A. et al. Postglacial relative sea level change and glacier activity in the early and late Holocene: Wahlenbergfjorden, Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Sci. Rep. 9, 6799. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-43342-z (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"33652_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103249","volume":"208","author":"WR Farnsworth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farnsworth, W. R. et al. Holocene glacial history of Svalbard - status, perspectives and challenges. Earth-Sci. Rev. 208, 103249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earscirev.2020.103249 (2020).","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR29","first-page":"217","volume":"1977","author":"O Salvigsen","year":"1978","unstructured":"Salvigsen, O. Holocene emergence and finds of pumice, whale bones and driftwood at Svartknausflya, Nordaustlandet. Norsk Polarinstitutt Arbok. 1977, 217\u2013228 (1978).","journal-title":"Norsk Polarinstitutt Arbok"},{"key":"33652_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1990)","volume":"102","author":"SL Forman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Forman, S. L. Post-glacial relative sea-level history of Northwestern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 102, 1580\u20131590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/0016-7606(1990) (1990). 102%3C1580:PGRSLH%3E2.3.CO;2.","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"33652_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/polar.v9i1.6775","volume":"9","author":"O Salvigsen","year":"1991","unstructured":"Salvigsen, O. & Mangerud, J. Holocene shoreline displacement at Agardhbukta, Eastern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Polar Res. 9, 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/polar.v9i1.6775 (1991).","journal-title":"Polar Res."},{"key":"33652_CR32","first-page":"153","volume":"14","author":"S Bondevik","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bondevik, S., Mangerud, J., Ronnert, L. & Salvigsen, O. Postglacial sea-level history of Edgeoya and Barentsoya, Eastern Svalbard. Polar Res. 14, 153\u2013180 (1995).","journal-title":"Polar Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3402\/polar.v25i1.6235","volume":"25","author":"O Salvigsen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Salvigsen, O. & H\u00f8gvard, K. Glacial history, Holocene shoreline displacement and palaeoclimate based on radiocarbon ages in the area of Bockfjorden, north-western Spitsbergen. Svalbard Polar Res. 25 (1), 15\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/polar.v25i1.6235 (2006).","journal-title":"Svalbard Polar Res."},{"key":"33652_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.qsa.2021.100041","volume":"5","author":"W Farnsworth","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farnsworth, W. et al. Vedde Ash constrains younger Dryas glacier re-advance and rapid glacio-isostatic rebound on Svalbard. Quaternary Sci. Adv. 5, 100041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.qsa.2021.100041 (2022).","journal-title":"Quaternary Sci. Adv."},{"key":"33652_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller, P. A bowhead Whale vertebra embedded in marine limit beach sediment on Barents\u00f8ya, Svalbard. Polar Res. 43. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33265\/polar.v43.9724 (2024).","DOI":"10.33265\/polar.v43.9724"},{"key":"33652_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2018.09.003","volume":"199","author":"W Fjeldskaar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fjeldskaar, W., Bondevik, S. & Amantov, A. Glaciers on Svalbard survived the Holocene thermal optimum. Q. Sci. Rev. 199, 18\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2018.09.003 (2018).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR37","unstructured":"Rapp, A. Talus slopes and mountain walls at Tempelfjorden, Spitsbergen\u2014a geomorphological study of the denudation of slopes in an Arctic locality. Meddelanden Uppsala Universitets Geografiska Institution 55A (Uppsala University, Uppsala, 1960)."},{"key":"33652_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forwick, M. et al. Spatial and temporal influence of glaciers and rivers on the sedimentary environment in Sassenfjorden and Templefjorden, Spitsbergen. In Fjord Systems and Archives (eds Howe, J., Austin, W., Forwick, M., Paetzel, M.) Geochem. Soc. Spec. Publ. Vol. 344, 163\u2013193 (2010).","DOI":"10.1144\/SP344.13"},{"key":"33652_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2022JD038011","DOI":"10.1029\/2022JD038011","volume":"128","author":"L Frank","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frank, L., Jonassen, M. O., Skogseth, R. & Vihma, T. Atmospheric climatologies over Isfjorden, Svalbard. J. Geophys. Research: Atmos. 128, e2022JD038011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022JD038011 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Research: Atmos."},{"key":"33652_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2018.01.002","volume":"60","author":"K Wojtysiak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wojtysiak, K., Herman, A. & Moskalik, M. Wind wave climate of West spitsbergen: seasonal variability and extreme events. Oceanologia 60, 331\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.oceano.2018.01.002 (2018).","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"33652_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027439","volume":"123","author":"M Zahn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zahn, M., Akperov, M., Rinke, A., Feser, F. & Mokhov, I. I. Trends of cyclone characteristics in the Arctic and their patterns from different reanalysis data. J. Geophys. Research: Atmos. 123, 2737\u20132751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017JD027439 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Research: Atmos."},{"issue":"21","key":"33652_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2023GL105059","DOI":"10.1029\/2023gl105059","volume":"50","author":"BQ Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, B. Q. & Li, X. Wave Attenuation by sea ice in the Arctic marginal ice zone observed by spaceborne SAR. Geophys. Res. Lett. 50 (21), e2023GL105059 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2023gl105059 (2023).","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00067","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.2024.00067","volume":"13","author":"A. Herman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Herman, A., Swirad, Z. M. & Moskalik, M. Increased exposure of the shores of Hornsund (Svalbard) to wave action due to a rapid shift in sea ice conditions. Elementa: Sci. Anthropocene 13 (1), 00067 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1525\/elementa.2024.00067","journal-title":"Elementa: Sci. Anthropocene"},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23933","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v66.23933","volume":"66","author":"IH Onarheim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Onarheim, I. H., Smedsrud, L. H., Ingvaldsen, R. B. & Nilsen, F. Loss of sea ice during winter North of Svalbard. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorol. Oceanogr. 66 (1), 23933. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3402\/tellusa.v66.23933 (2014).","journal-title":"Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"33652_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-2623-2023","volume":"15","author":"ZM Swirad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Swirad, Z. M., Moskalik, M. & Herman, A. Wind wave and water level dataset for Hornsund, Svalbard (2013\u20132021). Earth Syst. Sci. Data. 15, 2623\u20132633 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/essd-15-2623-2023 (2023).","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"33652_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-10-1605-2016","volume":"10","author":"JE Stopa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stopa, J. E., Ardhuin, F. & Girard-Ardhuin, F. Wave climate in the Arctic 1992\u20132014: seasonality and trends. Cryosphere 10, 1605\u20131629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-10-1605-2016 (2016).","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"key":"33652_CR47","first-page":"163","volume":"90","author":"M Forwick","year":"2010","unstructured":"Forwick, M. & Vorren, T. O. Stratigraphy and deglaciation of the Isfjorden area, Spitsbergen. Norw. J. Geol. 90, 163\u2013179 (2010).","journal-title":"Norw. J. Geol."},{"key":"33652_CR48","first-page":"1","volume":"183","author":"WGM van der Bilt","year":"2018","unstructured":"van der Bilt, W. G. M. et al. Alkenone-based reconstructions reveal four-phase Holocene temperature evolution for high Arctic Svalbard. Q. Sci. Rev. 183, 1\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marmicro.2012.06.008","volume":"94\u201395","author":"TL Rasmussen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rasmussen, T. L., Forwick, M. & Mackensen, A. Reconstruction of inflow of Atlantic water to Isfjorden, Svalbard during the Holocene: correlation to climate and seasonality. Mar. Micropaleontol. 94\u201395, 80\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marmicro.2012.06.008 (2012).","journal-title":"Mar. Micropaleontol."},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1177\/095968369700700105","volume":"7","author":"JI Svendsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Svendsen, J. I. & Mangerud, J. Holocene glacial and Climatic variations on Spitsbergen. Svalbard Holocene. 7 (1), 45\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/095968369700700105 (1997).","journal-title":"Svalbard Holocene"},{"key":"33652_CR51","first-page":"65","volume":"15","author":"TL P\u00e9w\u00e9","year":"1966","unstructured":"P\u00e9w\u00e9, T. L. Paleoclimatic significance of fossil ice wedges. Biul. Peryglac. 15, 65\u201373 (1966).","journal-title":"Biul. Peryglac."},{"key":"33652_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2019.07.042","volume":"222","author":"WG van der Bilt","year":"2019","unstructured":"van der Bilt, W. G., Born, A. & Haaga, K. A. Was common era glacier expansion in the Arctic Atlantic region triggered by unforced atmospheric cooling? Q. Sci. Rev. 222, 105860. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2019.07.042 (2019).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1111\/sed.12476","volume":"65","author":"GL Gilbert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gilbert, G. L. et al. Late Quaternary sedimentation and permafrost development in a Svalbard fjord-valley. Nor. high. Arct. Sedimentology. 65, 2531\u20132558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sed.12476 (2018).","journal-title":"Nor. high. Arct. Sedimentology"},{"key":"33652_CR54","first-page":"11","volume":"2","author":"L Lindner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lindner, L. & Marks, L. Impact of icebergs on relief development of marine beaches in Spitsbergen. Quaestiones Geographicae Special Issue. 2, 11\u2013120 (1989).","journal-title":"Quaestiones Geographicae Special Issue"},{"key":"33652_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4565","volume":"44","author":"P Heredia Bari\u00f3n","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heredia Bari\u00f3n, P., Lindhorst, S., Schutter, I., Falk, U. & Kuhn, G. Reaction of a Polar gravel-spit system to atmospheric warming and glacier retreat as reflected by morphology and internal sediment geometries (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 44, 1148\u20131162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.4565 (2019).","journal-title":"Earth. Surf. Proc. Land."},{"issue":"2","key":"33652_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1990.tb00388.x","volume":"8","author":"O Salvigsen","year":"1990","unstructured":"Salvigsen, O. et al. Glacial history and shoreline displacement on Erdmannflya and Bohemanflya. Spitsbergen Svalbard Polar Res. 8 (2), 261\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1990.tb00388.x (1990).","journal-title":"Spitsbergen Svalbard Polar Res."},{"key":"33652_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1984.tb00488.x","volume":"2","author":"O Salvigsen","year":"1984","unstructured":"Salvigsen, O. Occurrence of pumice on Raised beaches and Holocene shoreline displacement in the inner Isfjorden area. Svalbard Polar Res. 2, 107\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-8369.1984.tb00488.x (1984).","journal-title":"Svalbard Polar Res."},{"key":"33652_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.12.046","volume":"234","author":"EG Sessford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sessford, E. G., Strzelecki, M. C. & Hormes, A. Reconstruction of Holocene patterns of change in a high Arctic coastal landscape, Southern Sassenfjorden. Svalbard Geomorphology. 234, 98\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2014.12.046 (2015).","journal-title":"Svalbard Geomorphology"},{"key":"33652_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2005.06.032","volume":"237","author":"CF Larsen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Larsen, C. F., Motyka, R. J., Freymueller, J. T., Echelmeyer, K. A. & Ivins, E. R. Rapid viscoelastic uplift in Southeast Alaska caused by post-Little ice age glacial retreat. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 237, 548\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.epsl.2005.06.032 (2005).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"33652_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.05.013","volume":"37","author":"AR Simms","year":"2012","unstructured":"Simms, A. R., Ivins, E. R., DeWitt, R., Kouremenos, P. & Simkins, L. M. Timing of the most recent neoglacial advance and retreat in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica peninsula: insights from Raised beaches and Holocene uplift rates. Q. Sci. Rev. 37, 41\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.05.013 (2012).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2024.108625","volume":"331","author":"W Farnsworth","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farnsworth, W. et al. Persistence of Holocene ice cap in Northeast Svalbard aided by glacio-isostatic rebound. Q. Sci. Rev. 331, 108625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2024.108625 (2024).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-3791(93)90025-H","volume":"12","author":"A Elverh\u00f8i","year":"1993","unstructured":"Elverh\u00f8i, A., Fjeldskaar, W., Solheim, A., Nylandberg, M. & Russ-wurm, L. The Barents Sea-ice sheet \u2013 a model of its growthand decay during the last ice maximum. Q. Sci. Rev. 12, 863\u2013873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-3791(93)90025-H (1993).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3091.2006.00792.x","volume":"53","author":"CS Bristow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bristow, C. S. & Pucillo, K. Quantifying rates of coastal progradation from sediment volume using GPR and OSL: the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay, south-east South Australia. Sedimentology 53, 769\u2013788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-3091.2006.00792.x (2006).","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"33652_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.06.007","volume":"83","author":"T Aagaard","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aagaard, T., Orford, J. & Murray, A. S. Environmental controls on coastal Dune formation; Skallingen Spit. Denmark Geomoprhology. 83, 29\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.06.007 (2007).","journal-title":"Denmark Geomoprhology"},{"key":"33652_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/sed.12265","volume":"63","author":"CJ Hein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hein, C. J. et al. Complex coastal change in response to autogenic basin infilling: an example from a sub-tropical Holocene strandplain. Sedimentology 63, 1362\u20131395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sed.12265 (2016).","journal-title":"Sedimentology"},{"key":"33652_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsames.2018.08.003","volume":"88","author":"E Mu\u00f1oz-Salinas","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Salinas, E., Castillo, M., Sanderson, D. & Creswell, A. First luminescence geochronology of the beach-dune ridges of Nayarit strand-plain (west-central Mexico). J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 88, 642\u2013648. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsames.2018.08.003 (2018).","journal-title":"J. S. Am. Earth Sci."},{"key":"33652_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2019.00103","volume":"7","author":"CJ Hein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hein, C. J. et al. Shoreline dynamics along a developed river mouth barrier island: Multi-decadal cycles of erosion and event-driven mitigation. Front. Earth Sci. 7, 103 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feart.2019.00103 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Earth Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.5429","volume":"48","author":"MF Isla","year":"2022","unstructured":"Isla, M. F., Moyano-Paz, D., FitzGerald, D. M., Simontacchi, L. & Veiga, G. D. Contrasting beach\u2010ridge systems in different types of coastal settings. Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 48 (1), 47\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.5429 (2022).","journal-title":"Earth. Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"33652_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roy, P., Cowell, P. J., Ferland, M. A. & Thom, B. G. Wave-dominated coasts. Coastal. Evol. 121\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/cbo9780511564420.006 (1995).","DOI":"10.1017\/cbo9780511564420.006"},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2004.10.026","volume":"135","author":"EG Otvos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Otvos, E. G. Numerical chronology of pleistocene coastal plain and Valley development; extensive aggradation during glacial low sea-levels. Quatern. Int. 135 (1), 91\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quaint.2004.10.026 (2005).","journal-title":"Quatern. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683613515728","volume":"24","author":"KH Choi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Choi, K. H., Choi, J. H. & Kim, J. W. Reconstruction of Holocene Coastal progradation on the East Coast of Korea based on OSL dating and GPR surveys of beach-foredune ridges. Holocene 24 (1), 24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0959683613515728 (2014).","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"33652_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2006.06.003","volume":"79","author":"D Buscombe","year":"2006","unstructured":"Buscombe, D. & Masselink, G. Concepts in gravel beach dynamics. Earth Sci. Rev. 79, 33\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earscirev.2006.06.003 (2006).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stiassnie, M. Fetch-limited growth of wind waves. J. Geophys. Research: Oceans 117 (C11). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2011jc007579 (2012).","DOI":"10.1029\/2011jc007579"},{"key":"33652_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-025-02064-z","volume":"6","author":"AG Auer","year":"2025","unstructured":"Auer, A. G. et al. Hydroclimate intensification likely aided glacier survival on Svalbard in the Early Holocene. Commun. Earth Environ. 6, 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43247-025-02064-z (2025).","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"33652_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-3227(99)00061-4","volume":"162","author":"E. R. Butler","year":"1999","unstructured":"Butler, E. R. T. Process environments on modern raised beaches in McMurdo Sound. Antarctica Mar. Geol. 162, 105\u2013120 (1999). Coastal Engineering Research Center, 1984. Shore Protection Manual. Volume 1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg Mississippi.","journal-title":"Antarctica Mar. Geol."},{"key":"33652_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4819","volume":"45","author":"MC Strzelecki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Strzelecki, M. C. et al. New fjords, new coasts, new landscapes: the geomorphology of paraglacial coasts formed after recent glacier retreat in Brepollen (Hornsund, Southern Svalbard). Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 45, 1325\u20131334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.4819 (2020).","journal-title":"Earth. Surf. Proc. Land."},{"key":"33652_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3467","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.4695","volume":"34","author":"J Kavan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kavan, J. & Strzelecki, M. C. Glacier decay boosts the formation of new Arctic coastal environments\u2014perspectives from Svalbard. Land Degrad. Dev. 34, 3467\u20133474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ldr.4695 (2023).","journal-title":"Land Degrad. Dev."},{"key":"33652_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kavan, J. et al. New coasts emerging from the retreat of Northern Hemisphere marine-terminating glaciers in the twenty-first century. Nat. Clim. Change 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41558-025-02282-5 (2025).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-025-02282-5"},{"issue":"6","key":"33652_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1997)109<0666:SPEFLH>2.3.CO;2","volume":"109","author":"TA Thompson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Thompson, T. A. & Baedke, S. J. Strand-plain evidence for late Holocene lake-level variations in lake Michigan. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 109 (6), 666\u2013682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1130\/0016-7606(1997)109%3C0666:SPEFLH%3E2.3.CO;2 (1997).","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Bull."},{"key":"33652_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3042","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4468","volume":"43","author":"M Lampe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lampe, M. & Lampe, R. Evolution of a large Baltic beach ridge plain (Neudarss, NE Germany): A continuous record of sea-level and wind\u2010field variation since the Homeric minimum. Earth. Surf. Proc. Land. 43, 3042\u20133056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.4468 (2018).","journal-title":"Earth. Surf. Proc. Land."},{"issue":"3","key":"33652_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse11030614","volume":"11","author":"D Bujak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bujak, D., Ilic, S., Mili\u010devi\u0107, H. & Carevi\u0107, D. Wave runup prediction and alongshore variability on a pocket gravel beach under fetch-limited wave conditions. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 11 (3), 614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jmse11030614 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Mar. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"33652_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.09.007","volume":"147","author":"K Werner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Werner, K. et al. Holocene sea subsurface and surface water masses in the Fram Strait\u2013Comparisons of temperature and sea-ice reconstructions. Q. Sci. Rev. 147, 194\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2015.09.007 (2016).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"33652_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.04.024","volume":"47","author":"J M\u00fcller","year":"2012","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, J. et al. Holocene cooling culminates in sea ice oscillations in Fram Strait. Q. Sci. Rev. 47, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2012.04.024 (2012).","journal-title":"Q. Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"33652_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/1023673042000198130","volume":"9","author":"G Heinemann","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heinemann, G. Forcing and feedback mechanisms between the katabatic wind and sea ice in the coastal areas of Polar ice sheets. J. Atmospheric Ocean. Sci. 9 (4), 169\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1023673042000198130 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Atmospheric Ocean. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"33652_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.5194\/cp-10-1239-2014","volume":"10","author":"D Sprenk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sprenk, D. et al. Seasonal changes in glacial polynya activity inferred from Weddell sea varves. Clim. Past. 10 (3), 1239\u20131251. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/cp-10-1239-2014 (2014).","journal-title":"Clim. Past"},{"issue":"10","key":"33652_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8246","DOI":"10.1002\/2017jc013026","volume":"122","author":"M Spall","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spall, M., Jackson, R. & Straneo, F. Katabatic wind-driven exchange in Fjords. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. 122 (10), 8246\u20138262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2017jc013026 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Oceans"},{"issue":"6","key":"33652_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1175\/jpo-d-18-0119.1","volume":"49","author":"\u00d8 Lundesgaard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lundesgaard, \u00d8., Powell, B., Merrifield, M., Hahn-Woernle, L. & Winsor, P. Response of an Antarctic Peninsula Fjord to summer katabatic wind events. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 49 (6), 1485\u20131502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1175\/jpo-d-18-0119.1 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"10","key":"33652_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.5194\/tc-15-4703-2021","volume":"15","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Danilov, S., Mu, L., Sidorenko, D. & Wekerle, C. Lasting impact of winds on Arctic sea ice through the ocean\u2019s memory. Cryosphere 15 (10), 4703\u20134725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/tc-15-4703-2021 (2021).","journal-title":"Cryosphere"},{"issue":"5983","key":"33652_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1187860","volume":"328","author":"S Yu","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yu, S. et al. Freshwater outburst from Lake Superior as a trigger for the cold event 9300 years ago. Science 328 (5983), 1262\u20131266 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1187860","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"33652_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.14430\/arctic2875","volume":"27","author":"AD Short","year":"1974","unstructured":"Short, A. D. & Wiseman, W. M. J. Jr. Freeze-up processes on Arctic beaches. Arctic 27 (3), 215\u2013225 (1974).","journal-title":"Arctic"},{"key":"33652_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53875-1","volume":"15","author":"Z Stachowska","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stachowska, Z., van der Bilt, W. G. M. & Strzelecki, M. C. Coastal lake sediments from Arctic Svalbard suggest colder summers are stormier. Nat. Commun. 15, 9688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-53875-1 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"33652_CR92","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"M. L. Zettler","year":"2001","unstructured":"Zettler, M. L. Recent geographical distribution of the Astarte borealis species complex, its nomenclature and bibliography (Bivalvia: Astartidae). Schriften zur Malakozoologie. 18, 1\u201314 (2001).","journal-title":"Schriften zur Malakozoologie"},{"key":"33652_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00300-018-2415-1","volume":"42","author":"P Leopold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leopold, P., Renaud, P. E., Ambrose, W. G. & Berge, J. High Arctic Mytilus spp.: Occurrence, distribution and history of dispersal. Polar Biol. 42, 237\u2013244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00300-018-2415-1 (2019).","journal-title":"Polar Biol."},{"key":"33652_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6583","DOI":"10.1177\/0959683617715701","volume":"28","author":"J Mangerud","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mangerud, J. & Svendsen, J. I. The Holocene thermal maximum around Svalbard, Arctic North Atlantic; molluscs show early and exceptional warmth. Holocene 28, 6583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0959683617715701 (2018).","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"issue":"1","key":"33652_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033822200013904","volume":"35","author":"M Stuiver","year":"1993","unstructured":"Stuiver, M. & Reimer, P. Extended 14C data base and revised calib 3.0 14C age calibration program. Radiocarbon 35 (1), 215\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0033822200013904 (1993).","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"issue":"4","key":"33652_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1017\/rdc.2020.41","volume":"62","author":"P. Reimer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Reimer, P. et al. The Intcal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0\u201355 cal kbp). Radiocarbon 62 (4), 725\u2013757 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/rdc.2020.41","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"issue":"4","key":"33652_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1017\/rdc.2020.68","volume":"62","author":"T Heaton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Heaton, T. et al. Marine20\u2014the marine radiocarbon age calibration curve (0\u201355,000 cal bp). Radiocarbon 62 (4), 779\u2013820 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/rdc.2020.68","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"33652_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quageo.2021.101244","volume":"68","author":"AJ Pie\u0144kowski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pie\u0144kowski, A. J. et al. Revised \u2206R values for the Barents Sea and its archipelagos as a pre-requisite for accurate and robust marine based 14\u00a0C chronologies. Quat. Geochronol. 68, 101244. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quageo.2021.101244 (2022).","journal-title":"Quat. Geochronol."},{"key":"33652_CR99","unstructured":"Sandmeier, K. J. ReflexW Version 8.1. Program for Processing of Seismic, Acoustic or Electromagnetic Reflection, Refraction and Transmission Data 628 (Software Manual, 2016)."},{"key":"33652_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawthorpe, R. L., Collier, R. E. L., Alexander, J., Bridge, J. S. & Leeder, M. R. Ground-penetrating radar: Application to sandbody geometry and heterogeneity studies. in Characterization of fluvial and aeolian reservoirs (eds North, C.P., Prosser, D.J.) Geological Society London Special Publications Vol. 73, 421\u2013432 (1993).","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.1993.073.01.24"},{"key":"33652_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2008.02.008","volume":"206","author":"S Lindhorst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lindhorst, S., Betzler, C. & Hass, H. C. The sedimentary architecture of a Holocene barrier Spit (Sylt, German Bight): Swash-bar accretion and storm erosion. Sed. Geol. 206, 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sedgeo.2008.02.008 (2008).","journal-title":"Sed. Geol."},{"key":"33652_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.12.015","volume":"186","author":"JD De Reu","year":"2013","unstructured":"De Reu, J. D. et al. Application of the topographic position index to heterogeneous landscapes. Geomorphology 186, 39\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.12.015 (2013).","journal-title":"Geomorphology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33652-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33652-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33652-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T16:03:38Z","timestamp":1781625818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33652-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["33652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-33652-w","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6879659\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3627"}}