{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T21:16:38Z","timestamp":1783026998911,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea","award":["HG22C0094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HG22C0094"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Republic of Korea","award":["HD22C2045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD22C2045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33655-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T13:17:10Z","timestamp":1769779030000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Complex network analysis of mobility dynamics in Seoul during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manjun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngook","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourya","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaehun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youngji","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"33655_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1080\/19475683.2022.2041725","volume":"28","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, M. et al. Human mobility and COVID-19 transmission: a systematic review and future directions. Ann. Gis.. 28, 501\u2013514 (2022).","journal-title":"Ann. GIS"},{"key":"33655_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2018.01.001","volume":"734","author":"H Barbosa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barbosa, H. et al. Human mobility: models and applications. Phys. Rep. 734, 1\u201374 (2018).","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"33655_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E5370","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1524261113","volume":"113","author":"S Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang, S. et al. The TimeGeo modeling framework for urban mobility without travel surveys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, E5370\u2013E5378 (2016).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"33655_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb4218","volume":"368","author":"MUG Kraemer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kraemer, M. U. G. et al. The effect of human mobility and control measures on the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Science 368, 493\u2013497 (2020).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"33655_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101568","volume":"33","author":"S Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao, S. et al. The association between domestic train transportation and novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak in China from 2019 to 2020: a data-driven correlational report. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 33, 101568 (2020).","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"33655_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958","volume":"453","author":"MC Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, M. C., Hidalgo, C. A. & Barab\u00e1si, A-L. Understanding individual human mobility patterns. Nature 453, 779\u2013782 (2008).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"33655_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223467","volume":"338","author":"A Wesolowski","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wesolowski, A. et al. Quantifying the impact of human mobility on malaria. Science 338, 267\u2013270 (2012).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"33655_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2923-3","volume":"589","author":"S Chang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chang, S. et al. Mobility network models of COVID-19 explain inequities and inform reopening. Nature 589, 82\u201387 (2021).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"33655_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Jong, B. C. et al. Ethical considerations for movement mapping to identify disease transmission Hotspots - 25, Emerging infectious diseases journal - CDC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2507.181421 (2019).","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2507.181421"},{"key":"33655_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000039","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000039","volume":"1","author":"EC Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee, E. C., Arab, A., Colizza, V. & Bansal, S. Spatial aggregation choice in the era of digital and administrative surveillance data. PLOS Digit. Health. 1, e0000039 (2022).","journal-title":"PLOS Digit. Health"},{"key":"33655_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32883","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2012326117","volume":"117","author":"F Schlosser","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schlosser, F. et al. COVID-19 lockdown induces disease-mitigating structural changes in mobility networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 117, 32883\u201332890 (2020).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"33655_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30553-3","volume":"20","author":"HS Badr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Badr, H. S. et al. Association between mobility patterns and COVID-19 transmission in the USA: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 20, 1247\u20131254 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"33655_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2284-y","volume":"582","author":"JS Jia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia, J. S. et al. Population flow drives spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 in China. Nature 582, 389\u2013394 (2020).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"33655_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucchini, L. et al. Living in a pandemic: adaptation of individual mobility and social activity in the US., published online Aug 17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2107.12235 (2021).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2107.12235"},{"key":"33655_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtrangeo.2024.103886","volume":"117","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, S., Chen, P., Hui, F. & Gong, M. Evaluating urban vitality and resilience under the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic from a mobility perspective: A case study in Shenzhen, China. J. Transp. Geogr. 117, 103886 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Transp. Geogr."},{"key":"33655_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.15195\/v8.a9","volume":"8","author":"T Marlow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marlow, T., Makovi, K. & Abrahao, B. Neighborhood isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sociol. Sci. 8, 170\u2013190 (2021).","journal-title":"Sociol. Sci."},{"key":"33655_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park, Y. J. et al. Contact tracing during coronavirus disease outbreak, South korea, 2020 - 26, Emerging infectious diseases journal - CDC. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2610.201315 (2020).","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2610.201315"},{"key":"33655_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1093\/cjres\/rsac028","volume":"15","author":"Y-L Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, Y-L. & Jun, B. Inside out: human mobility big data show how COVID-19 changed the urban network structure in the Seoul metropolitan area. Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc. 15, 537\u2013550 (2022).","journal-title":"Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc."},{"key":"33655_CR19","unstructured":"Seoul. \u2018Living Mobility\u2019 dataset., https:\/\/data.seoul.go.kr\/dataVisual\/seoul\/seoulLivingMigration.do (2025)."},{"key":"33655_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002714","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002714","volume":"5","author":"H Kim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim, H. The sociopolitical context of the COVID-19 response in South Korea. BMJ Glob Health. 5, e002714 (2020).","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"33655_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1162\/asep_a_00803","volume":"20","author":"B Lim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lim, B., Kyoungseo Hong, E., Mou, J. & Cheong, I. COVID-19 in korea: success based on past failure*. Asian Econ. Pap. 20, 41\u201362 (2021).","journal-title":"Asian Econ. Pap"},{"key":"33655_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2021.02.011","volume":"125","author":"KJ Yoo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yoo, K. J., Kwon, S., Choi, Y. & Bishai, D. M. Systematic assessment of South korea\u2019s capabilities to control COVID-19. Health Policy Amst Neth. 125, 568\u2013576 (2021).","journal-title":"Health Policy Amst Neth."},{"key":"33655_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-19655-8","volume":"24","author":"SA Hong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hong, S. A. Toward better pandemic governance and preparedness: South korea\u2019s whole-of-nation approach to COVID-19. BMC Public. Health. 24, 2126 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"33655_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400087101","volume":"101","author":"A Barrat","year":"2004","unstructured":"Barrat, A., Barth\u00e9lemy, M., Pastor-Satorras, R. & Vespignani, A. The architecture of complex weighted networks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101, 3747\u20133752 (2004).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"33655_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"056131","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.056131","volume":"70","author":"MEJ Newman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Newman, M. E. J. Analysis of weighted networks. Phys. Rev. E. 70, 056131 (2004).","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"33655_CR26","unstructured":"Cs\u00e1rdi, G. & Nepusz, T. The igraph software package for complex network research. https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/The-igraph-software-package-for-complex-network-Cs%C3%A1rdi-Nepusz\/1d2744b83519657f5f2610698a8ddd177ced4f5c (Accessed on 9 Dec 2024). (2006)."},{"key":"33655_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1126\/science.286.5439.509","volume":"286","author":"A-L Barab\u00e1si","year":"1999","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1si, A-L. & Albert, R. Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science 286, 509\u2013512 (1999).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"33655_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1137\/070710111","volume":"51","author":"A Clauset","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clauset, A., Shalizi, C. R. & Newman, M. E. J. Power-Law distributions in empirical data. SIAM Rev. 51, 661\u2013703 (2009).","journal-title":"SIAM Rev."},{"key":"33655_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gillespie, C. S. Fitting heavy tailed distributions: the powerlaw package. J. Stat. Softw. 64 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v064.i02 (2015).","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v064.i02"},{"key":"33655_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706851105","volume":"105","author":"M Rosvall","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rosvall, M. & Bergstrom, C. T. Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 1118\u20131123 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"33655_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1140\/epjst\/e2010-01179-1","volume":"178","author":"M Rosvall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosvall, M., Axelsson, D. & Bergstrom, C. T. The map equation. Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 178, 13\u201323 (2009).","journal-title":"Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top."},{"key":"33655_CR32","unstructured":"Park, L. & Jang, S-H. Southkorea-maps: South Korea administrative divisions in ESRI Shapefile, GeoJSON and TopoJSON formats. https:\/\/github.com\/southkorea\/southkorea-maps (Accessed on 9 Dec 2024). (2018)."},{"key":"33655_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/15366367.2019.1565254","volume":"17","author":"RAM Villanueva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Villanueva, R. A. M. & Chen, Z. J. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Meas. Interdiscip Res. Perspect. 17, 160\u2013167 (2019).","journal-title":"Meas. Interdiscip Res. Perspect."},{"key":"33655_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chamberlain, S., Teucher, A. & Mahoney, M. Geojsonio: convert data from and to \u2018GeoJSON\u2019 or \u2018TopoJSON\u2019., 0 .11.3. (2015).","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.geojsonio"},{"key":"33655_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Y., Wang, T., Yan, J. & Zhang, P. Generating general Preferential attachment networks with R package Wdnet. J. Data Sci. 538\u2013556. (2023).","DOI":"10.6339\/23-JDS1110"},{"key":"33655_CR36","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: The R Project for Statistical Computing., https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/ (2025)."},{"key":"33655_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2018-009","volume":"10","author":"E Pebesma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pebesma, E. Simple features for R: standardized support for Spatial vector data. R J. 10, 439 (2018).","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"33655_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1971.10482356","volume":"66","author":"WM Rand","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rand, W. M. Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 66, 846\u2013850 (1971).","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"33655_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24288","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-05583-z","volume":"15","author":"Z Hu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hu, Z., Chang, W., Jang, Y., Jo, Y. & Jung, J. Dynamic interactions of COVID-19 incidences, mobility, and social distancing policies in seoul: A VAR model approach. Sci. Rep. 15, 24288 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"33655_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009351","volume":"17","author":"S Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, S., Senapati, P., Wang, D., Bauch, C. T. & Fountoulakis, K. Targeted pandemic containment through identifying local contact network bottlenecks. PLOS Comput. Biol. 17, e1009351 (2021).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"33655_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210865","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.210865","volume":"8","author":"O Buchel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Buchel, O., Ninkov, A., Cathel, D., Bar-Yam, Y. & Hedayatifar, L. Strategizing COVID-19 lockdowns using mobility patterns. R Soc. Open. Sci. 8, 210865 (2021).","journal-title":"R Soc. Open. Sci."},{"key":"33655_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-023-00319-w","volume":"8","author":"X-X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, X-X. et al. Infectious disease control: from health security strengthening to health systems improvement at global level. Glob Health Res. Policy. 8, 38 (2023).","journal-title":"Glob Health Res. Policy"},{"key":"33655_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000430","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000430","volume":"3","author":"B Klein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klein, B. et al. Characterizing collective physical distancing in the U.S. During the first nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic. PLOS Digit. Health. 3, e0000430 (2024).","journal-title":"PLOS Digit. Health"},{"key":"33655_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3517222","volume":"8","author":"HC Fanticelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fanticelli, H. C. et al. Data-driven mobility analysis and modeling: typical and confined life of a metropolitan population. ACM Trans. Spat. Algorithms Syst. 8, 23:1\u20132333 (2022).","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Spat. Algorithms Syst."},{"key":"33655_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237802312311988","DOI":"10.1177\/23780231231198857","volume":"9","author":"T Marlow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marlow, T., Makovi, K. & Abrahao, B. Durable change in U.S. Urban mobility Networks, 2019\u20132022. Socius 9, 7 (2023).","journal-title":"Socius"},{"key":"33655_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhou, J., Zhao, Z., Zhou, J. & Quantifying COVID-19 transmission risks based on human mobility data: a personalized PageRank approach for efficient contact-tracing. ; published online Oct 3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2210.01005 (2022).","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2210.01005"},{"key":"33655_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1012802","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012802","volume":"21","author":"P Casaburi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Casaburi, P. et al. Resilience of mobility network to dynamic population response across COVID-19 interventions: evidences from Chile. PLOS Comput. Biol. 21, e1012802 (2025).","journal-title":"PLOS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"33655_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1145\/3404820.3404824","volume":"12","author":"S Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, S., Rao, J., Kang, Y., Liang, Y. & Kruse, J. Mapping county-level mobility pattern changes in the united States in response to COVID-19. SIGSPATIAL Spec. 12, 16\u201326 (2020).","journal-title":"SIGSPATIAL Spec."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33655-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33655-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33655-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T09:44:27Z","timestamp":1770025467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33655-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["33655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-33655-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6792793\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4345"}}