{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T01:50:06Z","timestamp":1787881806000,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Samples known or suspected to be infected with high-consequence viruses such as Ebola, Nipah, and Lassa must be handled under high biocontainment. Studies involving animal infections with these pathogens can generate tissues that require downstream analyses, including molecular assays and histopathology, which are more readily performed, or in some cases only feasible, at lower containment levels. Before removal from high containment for analyses at lower containment levels, specimens must undergo validated inactivation procedures. Here, we quantified viral load reduction in tissues infected with these pathogens following treatment with neutral-buffered formalin for 10\u00a0min, 1\u00a0h, 3\u00a0days, or 7\u00a0days, and MagMAX lysis\/binding solution concentrate or TriPure isolation reagent for 1 or 10\u00a0min. To ensure accurate detection of any residual infectious virus, samples were purified through resins or centrifugal filters to reduce reagent cytotoxicity and maximize volume of testable material. We demonstrated effective inactivation (\u2265\u20094 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    reduction) of all three pathogens and quantified log-reduction values over multiple timepoints. These findings provide validation data to support safe handling of infectious tissues for research, field studies, and outbreak response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33750-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T07:04:32Z","timestamp":1767164672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Inactivation of Ebola, Nipah, and Lassa viruses in tissue using neutral buffered formalin, MagMAX lysis\/binding solution, or TriPure isolation reagent"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Davies","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian H.","family":"Harcourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina F.","family":"Spiropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Spengler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"33750_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0937","volume":"100","author":"F Feldmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feldmann, F., Shupert, W. L., Haddock, E., Twardoski, B. & Feldmann, H. Gamma irradiation as an effective method for inactivation of emerging viral pathogens. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100(5), 1275\u20131277 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"4","key":"33750_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.16.4.704-708.1982","volume":"16","author":"LH Elliott","year":"1982","unstructured":"Elliott, L. H., McCormick, J. B. & Johnson, K. M. Inactivation of Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viruses by gamma irradiation. J. Clin. Microbiol. 16(4), 704\u2013708 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"33750_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050663","volume":"17","author":"RW Nims","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nims, R. W. & Ijaz, M. K. Virucidal approaches for hemorrhagic fever viruses. Viruses 17, 663 (2025).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"33750_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.20.3.486-489.1984","volume":"20","author":"SW Mitchell","year":"1984","unstructured":"Mitchell, S. W. & McCormick, J. B. Physicochemical inactivation of Lassa, Ebola, and Marburg viruses and effect on clinical laboratory analyses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 20(3), 486\u2013489 (1984).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"33750_CR5","unstructured":"World Health Organisation. Guidelines on viral inactivation and removal procedures intended to assure the viral safety of human blood plasma products. p. Series No. 924, Annex 4. (2003)."},{"issue":"11","key":"33750_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01713-20","volume":"58","author":"SR Welch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Welch, S. R. et al. Analysis of inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by specimen transport media, nucleic acid extraction reagents, detergents, and fixatives. J. Clin. Microbiol. 58(11), 10 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"33750_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.160233","volume":"22","author":"E Haddock","year":"2016","unstructured":"Haddock, E., Feldmann, F. & Feldmann, H. Effective chemical inactivation of ebola virus. Emerg. Infect Dis. 22(7), 1292\u20131294 (2016).","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect Dis."},{"issue":"7","key":"33750_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12070952","volume":"12","author":"J Olejnik","year":"2023","unstructured":"Olejnik, J. et al. Art of the kill: Designing and testing viral inactivation procedures for highly pathogenic negative sense RNA viruses. Pathogens. 12(7), 952 (2023).","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"33750_CR9","unstructured":"FDSAP. Guidance on the Inactivation or Removal of Select Agents and Toxins for Future Use: Inactivation [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.selectagents.gov\/compliance\/guidance\/inactivation\/inactivation.htm"},{"issue":"10","key":"33750_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3148","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01449-15","volume":"53","author":"SJ Smither","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smither, S. J. et al. Buffer AVL Alone does not inactivate ebola virus in a representative clinical sample type. J. Clin. Microbiol. 53(10), 3148\u20133154 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"33750_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13544","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091354","volume":"16","author":"T Cutts","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cutts, T., Leung, A., Banadyga, L. & Krishnan, J. Inactivation validation of Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa viruses in AVL and ethanol-treated viral cultures. 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Evaluation of henipavirus chemical inactivation methods for the safe removal of samples from the high-containment PC4 laboratory. J. Virol. Methods 298, 114287 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"33750_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.2009.953877","volume":"57","author":"JD Webster","year":"2009","unstructured":"Webster, J. D., Miller, M. A., Dusold, D. & Ramos-Vara, J. Effects of prolonged formalin fixation on diagnostic immunohistochemistry in domestic animals. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 57(8), 753\u2013761 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Histochem. Cytochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"33750_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1369\/0022155417741467","volume":"66","author":"JY Chung","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chung, J. Y. et al. Histomorphological and molecular assessments of the fixation times comparing formalin and ethanol-based fixatives. J. Histochem. 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A revised diagnostic quantitative RT-PCR for the detection of nipah virus infection. Methods Mol. Biol. 25\u201331, (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3283-3_2"},{"issue":"774","key":"33750_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eado7034","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ado7034","volume":"16","author":"SR Welch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Welch, S. R. et al. Delayed low-dose oral administration of 4\u2032-fluorouridine inhibits pathogenic arenaviruses in animal models of lethal disease. Sci Transl Med. 16(774), eado7034 (2024).","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"key":"33750_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2025.115175","volume":"337","author":"KA Davies","year":"2025","unstructured":"Davies, K. A. et al. Effect of temperature and time on RNA detection by RT-qPCR in rodent tissue and blood samples stored in MagMAX\u2122 Lysis\/binding solution concentrate: Considerations for RNA detection in specimens stored under suboptimal conditions. J. Virol. Methods 337, 115175 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"33750_CR35","unstructured":"Canchola, J.A., & Hemyari, P. Limit of Detection ( LoD ) Estimation Using Parametric Curve Fitting to ( Hit ) Rate Data\u202f: The LoD _ Est SAS \u00ae Macro. 1\u201310 (2016)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33750-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33750-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33750-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:09:50Z","timestamp":1769594990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33750-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["33750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-33750-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT (OpenAI, GPT-4) and Grammarly selectively to improve grammar and syntax. These tools were not used to conduct data analysis or interpretation. After using this tool\/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process"}},{"value":"The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Disclaimer"}}],"article-number":"3712"}}