{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:09:17Z","timestamp":1791356957468,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-33940-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T14:03:23Z","timestamp":1767621803000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Vascularized human brain organoids as a model of the brain\u2013peripheral axis in HIV-1 neuropathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sathish","family":"Selvam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta S.","family":"Dos Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc C. E.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamyar","family":"Keshavarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mo R.","family":"Ebrahimkhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velpandi","family":"Ayyavoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"33940_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2534","volume":"34","author":"M Calado","year":"2024","unstructured":"Calado, M. et al. Unravelling the triad of neuroinvasion, neurodissemination, and neuroinflammation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the central nervous system. Rev. Med. Virol. 34, e2534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2534 (2024).","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"9","key":"33940_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.3390\/v13091883","volume":"13","author":"N Fattakhov","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fattakhov, N., Torices, S., Stangis, M., Park, M. & Toborek, M. Synergistic impairment of the neurovascular unit by HIV-1 infection and methamphetamine use implications for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders. Viruses 13(9), 1889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13091883 (2021).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"33940_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.06.007","volume":"43","author":"O Osborne","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osborne, O., Peyravian, N., Nair, M., Daunert, S. & Toborek, M. The paradox of HIV blood-brain barrier penetrance and antiretroviral drug delivery deficiencies. Trends Neurosci. 43, 695\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tins.2020.06.007 (2020).","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"33940_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.14283","volume":"241","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Verkhratsky, A., Chen, H. & Yi, C. Understanding glucose metabolism and insulin action at the blood-brain barrier: Implications for brain health and neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Physiol. (Oxf) 241, e14283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apha.14283 (2025).","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. (Oxf)"},{"key":"33940_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-020-00230-3","volume":"17","author":"H Kadry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kadry, H., Noorani, B. & Cucullo, L. A blood-brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity. Fluids Barriers CNS 17, 69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-020-00230-3 (2020).","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"33940_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20220830","volume":"51","author":"A Patabendige","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patabendige, A. & Janigro, D. The role of the blood-brain barrier during neurological disease and infection. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 51, 613\u2013626. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20220830 (2023).","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"33940_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-06639-0","volume":"15","author":"X Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang, X. et al. Endothelial DR6 in blood-brain barrier malfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Cell Death Dis 15, 258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-024-06639-0 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"33940_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-021-09796-4","volume":"24","author":"CC Tsao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsao, C. C. et al. Pericyte hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) drives blood-brain barrier disruption and impacts acute ischemic stroke outcome. Angiogenesis 24, 823\u2013842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10456-021-09796-4 (2021).","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"33940_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-024-01576-9","volume":"27","author":"C Greene","year":"2024","unstructured":"Greene, C. et al. Blood-brain barrier disruption and sustained systemic inflammation in individuals with long COVID-associated cognitive impairment. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 421\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-024-01576-9 (2024).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"33940_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.143768","volume":"143","author":"Q Shao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shao, Q. et al. Zika virus infection disrupts neurovascular development and results in postnatal microcephaly with brain damage. Development 143, 4127\u20134136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/dev.143768 (2016).","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"33940_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267041","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/1267041","volume":"2021","author":"S Jadhav","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jadhav, S. & Nema, V. HIV-associated neurotoxicity: The interplay of host and viral proteins. Mediators Inflamm. 2021, 1267041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/1267041 (2021).","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"33940_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2017.00228","volume":"11","author":"ME Maubert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maubert, M. E., Wigdahl, B. & Nonnemacher, M. R. Opinion: Inhibition of blood-brain barrier repair as a mechanism in HIV-1 disease. Front Neurosci. 11, 228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnins.2017.00228 (2017).","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"33940_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091997","volume":"14","author":"SJ Byrnes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byrnes, S. J. et al. Non-human primate models of HIV brain infection and cognitive disorders. Viruses 14, 1997. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v14091997 (2022).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"33940_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.5VMR0322-161R","volume":"112","author":"E Waight","year":"2022","unstructured":"Waight, E. et al. Animal models for studies of HIV-1 brain reservoirs. J. Leukoc. Biol. 112, 1285\u20131295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JLB.5VMR0322-161R (2022).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"33940_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040572","volume":"17","author":"N Said","year":"2025","unstructured":"Said, N. & Venketaraman, V. Neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier, and HIV reservoirs in the CNS: An in-depth exploration of latency mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies. Viruses 17(4), 572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17040572 (2025).","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"33940_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01523-w","volume":"9","author":"YK Adlakha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Adlakha, Y. K. Human 3D brain organoids: Steering the demolecularization of brain and neurological diseases. Cell Death Discov. 9, 221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41420-023-01523-w (2023).","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"33940_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01892-1","volume":"28","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, W. et al. Microglia-containing human brain organoids for the study of brain development and pathology. Mol. Psychiatry 28, 96\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-022-01892-1 (2023).","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"33940_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00680-21","volume":"12","author":"TA Premeaux","year":"2021","unstructured":"Premeaux, T. A. et al. Next-generation human cerebral organoids as powerful tools to advance NeuroHIV research. MBio 12, e0068021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00680-21 (2021).","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"33940_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72214-0","volume":"10","author":"RS Dos Reis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dos Reis, R. S., Sant, S., Keeney, H., Wagner, M. C. E. & Ayyavoo, V. Modeling HIV-1 neuropathogenesis using three-dimensional human brain organoids (hBORGs) with HIV-1 infected microglia. Sci Rep 10, 15209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-72214-0 (2020).","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"33940_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pgae179","DOI":"10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae179","volume":"3","author":"W Kong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kong, W. et al. Neuroinflammation generated by HIV-infected microglia promotes dysfunction and death of neurons in human brain organoids. PNAS Nexus 3, pgae179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pnasnexus\/pgae179 (2024).","journal-title":"PNAS Nexus"},{"key":"33940_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03353-2","volume":"22","author":"SD Narasipura","year":"2025","unstructured":"Narasipura, S. D. et al. Inflammatory responses revealed through HIV infection of microglia-containing cerebral organoids. J. Neuroinflamm. 22, 36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03353-2 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"33940_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03375-w","volume":"22","author":"S Martinez-Meza","year":"2025","unstructured":"Martinez-Meza, S. et al. Antiretroviral drug therapy does not reduce neuroinflammation in an HIV-1 infection brain organoid model. J. Neuroinflamm. 22, 66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-025-03375-w (2025).","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"33940_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0586-5","volume":"16","author":"B Cakir","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cakir, B. et al. Engineering of human brain organoids with a functional vascular-like system. Nat. Methods 16, 1169\u20131175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41592-019-0586-5 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"43","key":"33940_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07256","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202507256","volume":"12","author":"J Fumado Navarro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fumado Navarro, J. et al. Cerebral organoids with integrated endothelial networks emulate the neurovascular unit and mitigate core necrosis. Adv. Sci. (Weinh). 12(43), e07256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202507256 (2025).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)."},{"issue":"3","key":"33940_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2101837","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101837","volume":"8","author":"IE Ridaura","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ridaura, I. E., Sorrentino, S. & Moroni, L. Parallels between the Developing vascular and neural systems: Signaling pathways and future perspectives for regenerative medicine. Adv. Sci. 8(3), 2101837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202101837 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"33940_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12517","volume":"501","author":"MA Lancaster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lancaster, M. A. et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 501, 373\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature12517 (2013).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"33940_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.06.011","volume":"16","author":"R Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, R. et al. Developing human pluripotent stem cell-based cerebral organoids with a controllable microglia ratio for modeling brain development and pathology. Stem Cell Rep. 16, 1923\u20131937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.06.011 (2021).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"33940_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.05.017","volume":"8","author":"W Haenseler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haenseler, W. et al. A highly efficient human pluripotent stem cell microglia model displays a neuronal-co-culture-specific expression profile and inflammatory response. Stem Cell Rep. 8, 1727\u20131742. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.05.017 (2017).","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"33940_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0160-8","volume":"14","author":"JF Dekkers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dekkers, J. F. et al. High-resolution 3D imaging of fixed and cleared organoids. Nat. Protoc. 14, 1756\u20131771. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-019-0160-8 (2019).","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"33940_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-022-00856-8","volume":"6","author":"MA Skylar-Scott","year":"2022","unstructured":"Skylar-Scott, M. A. et al. Orthogonally induced differentiation of stem cells for the programmatic patterning of vascularized organoids and bioprinted tissues. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6, 449\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41551-022-00856-8 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"33940_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3862-0_18","volume":"2807","author":"RS Dos Reis","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dos Reis, R. S., Selvam, S., Wagner, M. C. E. & Ayyavoo, V. Modeling HIV-1 infection in CNS via infected monocytes using immunocompetent brain organoids. Methods Mol. Biol. 2807, 261\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-3862-0_18 (2024).","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"33940_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-024-01204-z","volume":"30","author":"M Donadoni","year":"2024","unstructured":"Donadoni, M., Cakir, S., Bellizzi, A., Swingler, M. & Sariyer, I. K. Modeling HIV-1 infection and NeuroHIV in hiPSCs-derived cerebral organoid cultures. J. Neurovirol. 30, 362\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13365-024-01204-z (2024).","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"33940_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100002","volume":"1","author":"G Sun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun, G. et al. Modeling human cytomegalovirus-induced microcephaly in human iPSC-derived brain organoids. Cell Rep. Med. 1, 100002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100002 (2020).","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"33940_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28979","volume":"122","author":"Y Ding","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ding, Y. et al. ETV2 overexpression promotes efficient differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to endothelial cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 122, 1914\u20131928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28979 (2025).","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"issue":"818\u2013833","key":"33940_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2024.04.019","volume":"31","author":"L Dao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dao, L. et al. Modeling blood-brain barrier formation and cerebral cavernous malformations in human PSC-derived organoids. Cell Stem Cell 31(818\u2013833), e811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.stem.2024.04.019 (2024).","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"33940_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.15283\/ijsc21157","volume":"15","author":"MG Kook","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kook, M. G. et al. Generation of cortical brain organoid with vascularization by assembling with vascular spheroid. Int. J. Stem Cells 15, 85\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15283\/ijsc21157 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"33940_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.76707","volume":"11","author":"XY Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun, X. Y. et al. Generation of vascularized brain organoids to study neurovascular interactions. Elife 11, e76707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.76707 (2022).","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"33940_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-023-00616-9","volume":"20","author":"A Wahl","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wahl, A. & Al-Harthi, L. HIV infection of non-classical cells in the brain. Retrovirology 20, 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12977-023-00616-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"33940_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0811394","volume":"91","author":"DW Williams","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams, D. W., Eugenin, E. A., Calderon, T. M. & Berman, J. W. Monocyte maturation, HIV susceptibility, and transmigration across the blood brain barrier are critical in HIV neuropathogenesis. J. Leukoc. Biol. 91, 401\u2013415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1189\/jlb.0811394 (2012).","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"33940_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16275","volume":"169","author":"W Tsering","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tsering, W. et al. Preferential clustering of microglia and astrocytes around neuritic plaques during progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropathological changes. J Neurochem 169, e16275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jnc.16275 (2025).","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"33940_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9703","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9703-9712.2001","volume":"75","author":"ES Lee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lee, E. S., Zhou, H. & Henderson, A. J. Endothelial cells enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in macrophages through a C\/EBP-dependent mechanism. J Virol 75, 9703\u20139712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.75.20.9703-9712.2001 (2001).","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"33940_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7591","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00768-08","volume":"82","author":"H Wang","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wang, H., Sun, J. & Goldstein, H. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection increases the in vivo capacity of peripheral monocytes to cross the blood-brain barrier into the brain and the in vivo sensitivity of the blood-brain barrier to disruption by lipopolysaccharide. J Virol 82, 7591\u20137600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00768-08 (2008).","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"33940_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109236","volume":"27","author":"C Hernandez","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hernandez, C., Gorska, A. M. & Eugenin, E. Mechanisms of HIV-mediated blood-brain barrier compromise and leukocyte transmigration under the current antiretroviral era. iscience 27, 109236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109236 (2024).","journal-title":"iscience"},{"key":"33940_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.4.1825","volume":"158","author":"DD Henninger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Henninger, D. D. et al. Cytokine-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in different organs of the mouse. J Immunol 158, 1825\u20131832 (1997).","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"33940_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117487","volume":"548","author":"V Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, V., Kaur, R., Kumari, P., Pasricha, C. & Singh, R. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1: Gatekeepers in various inflammatory and cardiovascular disorders. Clin. Chim. Acta 548, 117487. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117487 (2023).","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"33940_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202101090","volume":"8","author":"J Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Development of novel therapeutics targeting the blood-brain barrier: from barrier to carrier. Adv Sci (Weinh) 8, e2101090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202101090 (2021).","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"33940_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318249111","volume":"111","author":"CV Fletcher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fletcher, C. V. et al. Persistent HIV-1 replication is associated with lower antiretroviral drug concentrations in lymphatic tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 111, 2307\u20132312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1318249111 (2014).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"key":"33940_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab501","volume":"77","author":"L Labarthe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Labarthe, L. et al. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of tenofovir, emtricitabine and dolutegravir in mice. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 77, 1094\u20131101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkab501 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"33940_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-023-00507-3","volume":"21","author":"R Colon Ortiz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Colon Ortiz, R. et al. Cocaine regulates antiretroviral therapy CNS access through pregnane-x receptor-mediated drug transporter and metabolizing enzyme modulation at the blood brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 21, 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12987-023-00507-3 (2024).","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"33940_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-024-01082-3","volume":"38","author":"M Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun, M., Manson, M. L., Guo, T. & de Lange, E. C. M. CNS viral infections-what to consider for improving drug treatment: A plea for using mathematical modeling approaches. CNS Drugs 38, 349\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-024-01082-3 (2024).","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"33940_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx396","volume":"73","author":"M Van den Hof","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van den Hof, M. et al. CNS penetration of ART in HIV-infected children. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 73, 484\u2013489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jac\/dkx396 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"33940_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2025.100586","volume":"34","author":"MV Cuenca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cuenca, M. V., Bulut, M., Mummery, C. L. & Orlova, V. V. Vascularization of organoid microenvironments: Perfusable networks for organoid growth and maturation. Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng. 34, 100586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cobme.2025.100586 (2025).","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biomed. Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33940-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33940-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33940-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T10:19:01Z","timestamp":1769595541000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-33940-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["33940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-33940-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"3794"}}