{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:19:31Z","timestamp":1769725171293,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00438829"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00438829"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34036-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T11:48:59Z","timestamp":1767700139000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cluster-derived profiles of suicidal ideation and quality of life among older adults living alone in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hyun Woo","family":"Jung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Do Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilju","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seungjin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Un Sun","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kwang -Soo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"34036_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30169","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000030169","volume":"101","author":"X Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang, X., Hu, J. & Wu, D. Risk factors for frailty in older adults. Medicine. 101, e30169 (2022).","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"34036_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab015","volume":"114","author":"L Bailey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bailey, L. et al. Physical and mental health of older people while cocooning during the COVID-19 pandemic. QJM: Int. J. Med. 114, 648\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/qjmed\/hcab015 (2021).","journal-title":"QJM: Int. J. Med."},{"key":"34036_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.728658","volume":"12","author":"SJ Czaja","year":"2021","unstructured":"Czaja, S. J., Moxley, J. H. & Rogers, W. A. Social support, isolation, loneliness, and health among older adults in the PRISM randomized controlled trial. Front. Psychol. 12, 1\u201314 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"34036_CR4","unstructured":"OECD. Tackling the mental health impact of the COVID-19 crisis: An integrated, whole-of-society response. (2021)."},{"key":"34036_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaging.2013.03.001","volume":"27","author":"B Weicht","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weicht, B. The making of \u2018the elderly\u2019: constructing the subject of care. J. Aging Stud. 27, 188\u2013197 (2013).","journal-title":"J. Aging Stud."},{"key":"34036_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0412\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0412. et al. Psychological features of modern elderly peoples active life position. Wiadomo\u015bci Lekarskie. 75, 333\u2013338 (2022).","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202202101"},{"key":"34036_CR7","unstructured":"Rothuizen, J. J., Klausen, B. & Hesselbjerg, J. S. Elder people learning to be mentors for young people. VIA Univ. College., 1\u201329 (2011)."},{"key":"34036_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/hpja.250","volume":"31","author":"N Mahoney","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahoney, N. et al. Older male mentors: outcomes and perspectives of an intergenerational mentoring program for young adult males with intellectual disability. Health Promotion J. Australia. 31, 16\u201325 (2020).","journal-title":"Health Promotion J. Australia"},{"key":"34036_CR9","unstructured":"OECD. Pensions at a Glance 2023: OECD and G20 Indicators. (2023)."},{"key":"34036_CR10","unstructured":"KOSTAT. Statistics on the Elderly: The Lives and Perceptions of Elderly Living Alone. (2024)."},{"key":"34036_CR11","unstructured":"MOHW. Overview of the 2025 Budget and Fund Operation Plan under the Jurisdiction of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. (2025)."},{"key":"34036_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/01488376.2024.2354932","volume":"51","author":"S Chung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chung, S., Choi, S. Y. & Jung, J. Where should senior welfare centers stand in older adult care in South korea? J. Social Service Res. 51, 71\u201385 (2025).","journal-title":"J. Social Service Res."},{"key":"34036_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00117-P","volume":"41","author":"M Farquhar","year":"1995","unstructured":"Farquhar, M. Elderly people\u2019s definitions of quality of life. Soc. Sci. Med. 41, 1439\u20131446 (1995).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"34036_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104606","volume":"99","author":"E Colucci","year":"2022","unstructured":"Colucci, E. et al. COVID-19 lockdowns\u2019 effects on the quality of life, perceived health and well-being of healthy elderly individuals: A longitudinal comparison of pre-lockdown and lockdown States of well-being. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 99, 104606 (2022).","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20210106","DOI":"10.1590\/0034-7167-2021-0106","volume":"75","author":"EV Souza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Souza, E. V. et al. Relationship between family functionality and the quality of life of the elderly. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem. 75, 1\u20138 (2021).","journal-title":"Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem"},{"key":"34036_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brooks, R., Rabin, R. & De Charro, F. The Measurement and Valuation of Health Status Using EQ-5D: a European Perspective: Evidence from the EuroQol BIOMED Research Programme (Springer Science & Business Media, 2003).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-0233-1"},{"key":"34036_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012588218728","volume":"10","author":"JE Ware","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ware, J. E. & Kosinski, M. Interpreting SF&-36 summary health measures: A response. Qual. Life Res. 10, 405\u2013413 (2001).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"34036_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00112-K","volume":"41","author":"W Group","year":"1995","unstructured":"Group, W. The world health organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the world health organization. Soc. Sci. Med. 41, 1403\u20131409 (1995).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"34036_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/1360786031000101157","volume":"7","author":"M Hyde","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hyde, M., Wiggins, R. D., Higgs, P. & Blane, D. B. A measure of quality of life in early old age: the theory, development and properties of a needs satisfaction model (CASP-19). Aging Ment. Health. 7, 186\u2013194 (2003).","journal-title":"Aging Ment. Health"},{"key":"34036_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawton, M. P. A multidimensional view of quality of life in frail elders. In the Concept and Measurement of Quality of Life in the Frail elderly. 3\u201327 (1991).","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-101275-5.50005-3"},{"key":"34036_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowling, A. The psychometric properties of the older People\u2032 s quality of life Questionnaire, compared with the CASP-19 and the WHOQOL\u2010OLD. Curr. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res. 2009, 1\u201312 (2009).","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/298950"},{"key":"34036_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.31.1.5.32.24221","volume":"31","author":"Y Conwell","year":"2001","unstructured":"Conwell, Y. Suicide in later life: a review and recommendations for prevention. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav. 31, 32\u201347 (2001).","journal-title":"Suicide Life-Threatening Behav."},{"key":"34036_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305777","volume":"19","author":"HW Jung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jung, H. W. & Jang, J. S. Constructing prediction models and analyzing factors in suicidal ideation using machine learning, focusing on the older population. PLoS One. 19, 1\u201320 (2024).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"34036_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2025.01.001","volume":"239","author":"H Jung","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jung, H. & Park, H. The effects of socio-economic and environmental factors on Korean suicidal ideation: A bayesian multilevel analysis. Public. Health. 239, 193\u2013200 (2025).","journal-title":"Public. Health"},{"key":"34036_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195083316.003.0007","volume":"1","author":"LF Berkman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berkman, L. F. & Glass, T. Social integration, social networks, social support, and health. Social Epidemiol. 1, 137\u2013173 (2000).","journal-title":"Social Epidemiol."},{"key":"34036_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198601)42:1<5::AID-JCLP2270420102>3.0.CO;2-9","volume":"42","author":"LL Harlow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Harlow, L. L., Newcomb, M. D. & Bentler, P. M. Depression, self-derogation, substance use, and suicide ideation: lack of purpose in life as a mediational factor. J. Clin. Psychol. 42, 5\u201321 (1986).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"34036_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.066","volume":"298","author":"D Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, D., Kim, D., Lee, K., Choi, N. & Roh, S. Suicidal ideation among the elderly living in the community: correlation with living arrangement, subjective memory complaints, and depression. J. Affect. Disord. 298, 160\u2013165 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"34036_CR28","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"E Diener","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diener, E. & Chan, M. Y. Happy people live longer: subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Appl. Psychology: Health Well-Being. 3, 1\u201343 (2011).","journal-title":"Appl. Psychology: Health Well-Being"},{"key":"34036_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf182","volume":"157","author":"V Lorant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lorant, V. et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 157, 98\u2013112 (2003).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"34036_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1968.tb02103.x","volume":"16","author":"BS Linn","year":"1968","unstructured":"Linn, B. S., Linn, M. W. & Gurel, L. Cumulative illness rating scale. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 16, 622\u2013626 (1968).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"34036_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00319-6","volume":"36","author":"M Extermann","year":"2000","unstructured":"Extermann, M. Measuring comorbidity in older cancer patients. Eur. J. Cancer. 36, 453\u2013471 (2000).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"34036_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)02939-5","volume":"54","author":"S Firat","year":"2002","unstructured":"Firat, S., Byhardt, R. W. & Gore, E. Comorbidity and Karnofksy performance score are independent prognostic factors in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: an institutional analysis of patients treated on four RTOG studies. Int. J. Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys. 54, 357\u2013364 (2002).","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiation Oncology* Biology* Phys."},{"key":"34036_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90005-N","volume":"41","author":"MD Miller","year":"1992","unstructured":"Miller, M. D. et al. Rating chronic medical illness burden in geropsychiatric practice and research: application of the cumulative illness rating scale. Psychiatry Res. 41, 237\u2013248 (1992).","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"34036_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb05945.x","volume":"41","author":"Y Conwell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Conwell, Y., Forbes, N. T., Cox, C. & Caine, E. D. Validation of a measure of physical illness burden at autopsy: the cumulative illness rating scale. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 41, 38\u201341 (1993).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"34036_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.01935.x","volume":"56","author":"F Salvi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Salvi, F. et al. A manual of guidelines to score the modified cumulative illness rating scale and its validation in acute hospitalized elderly patients. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 56, 1926\u20131931 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"34036_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1995.tb06377.x","volume":"43","author":"PA Parmelee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Parmelee, P. A., Thuras, P. D., Katz, I. R. & Lawton, M. P. Validation of the cumulative illness rating scale in a geriatric residential population. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 43, 130\u2013137 (1995).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"34036_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2006.02.002","volume":"44","author":"N Nagaratnam","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nagaratnam, N. & Gayagay, G. Jr Validation of the cumulative illness rating scale (CIRS) in hospitalized nonagenarians. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 44, 29\u201336 (2007).","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2008.38.3.251","volume":"38","author":"TE Ellis","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ellis, T. E. & Trumpower, D. Health-risk behaviors and suicidal ideation: A preliminary study of cognitive and developmental factors. Suicide Life-Threatening Behav. 38, 251\u2013259 (2008).","journal-title":"Suicide Life-Threatening Behav."},{"key":"34036_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2005.06.009","volume":"43","author":"TW Lee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee, T. W., Ko, I. S. & Lee, K. J. Health promotion behaviors and quality of life among community-dwelling elderly in korea: A cross-sectional survey. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 43, 293\u2013300 (2006).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"34036_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13106","volume":"18","author":"Y Kwak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kwak, Y. & Kim, Y. Association between mental health and meal patterns among elderly Koreans. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 18, 161\u2013168 (2018).","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"34036_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080971","volume":"10","author":"T Govindaraju","year":"2018","unstructured":"Govindaraju, T., Sahle, B. W., McCaffrey, T. A., McNeil, J. J. & Owen, A. J. Dietary patterns and quality of life in older adults: a systematic review. Nutrients 10, 1\u201318 (2018).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"34036_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(98)00123-0","volume":"98","author":"LI Vailas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Vailas, L. I., Nitzke, S. A., Becker, M. & Gast, J. Risk indicators for malnutrition are associated inversely with quality of life for participants in meal programs for older adults. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 98, 548\u2013553 (1998).","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"34036_CR43","unstructured":"De Jong-Gierveld, J. & Van Tilburg, T. Manual of the Loneliness Scale (Methoden en technieken, 1999)."},{"key":"34036_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/0164027506289723","volume":"28","author":"J De Jong-Gierveld","year":"2006","unstructured":"De Jong-Gierveld, J. & van Tilburg, T. G. A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: confirmatory tests on survey data. Res. Aging. 28, 582\u2013598 (2006).","journal-title":"Res. Aging"},{"key":"34036_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610208007552","volume":"20","author":"GTY Leung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leung, G. T. Y., de Jong Gierveld, J. & Lam, L. C. W. Validation of the Chinese translation of the 6-item de Jong Gierveld loneliness scale in elderly Chinese. Int. Psychogeriatr. 20, 1262\u20131272 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsubheen, S., Oliveira, A., Habash, R., Goldstein, R. & Brooks, D. Measurement properties and cross-cultural adaptation of the de Jong Gierveld loneliness scale in adults: A systematic review. European J. Psychol. Assessment. 41, 154\u2013166 (2023).","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000784"},{"key":"34036_CR47","unstructured":"Rabins, P. V., Kasper, J. D., Kleinman, L., Black, B. S. & Patrick, D. L. Concepts and methods in the development of the ADRQL: an instrument for assessing health-related quality of life in persons with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Journal Mental Health Aging.5, 33\u201348 (1999)."},{"key":"34036_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4","volume":"17","author":"JA Yesavage","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yesavage, J. A. et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J. Psychiatr. Res. 17, 37\u201349 (1982).","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"34036_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheikh, J. I. & Yesavage, J. A. Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical gerontology. 165\u2013173 (Routledge, 2014).","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09"},{"key":"34036_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/62.6.P322","volume":"62","author":"KL Fiori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fiori, K. L., Smith, J. & Antonucci, T. C. Social network types among older adults: A multidimensional approach. Journals Gerontol. Ser. B: Psychol. Sci. Social Sci. 62, 322\u2013330 (2007).","journal-title":"Journals Gerontol. Ser. B: Psychol. Sci. Social Sci."},{"key":"34036_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90150-B","volume":"32","author":"CD Sherbourne","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sherbourne, C. D. & Stewart, A. L. The MOS social support survey. Soc. Sci. Med. 32, 705\u2013714 (1991).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"34036_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-014-0774-9","volume":"24","author":"L Holden","year":"2015","unstructured":"Holden, L., Lee, C., Hockey, R., Ware, R. S. & Dobson, A. J. Longitudinal analysis of relationships between social support and general health in an Australian population cohort of young women. Qual. Life Res. 24, 485\u2013492 (2015).","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"34036_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2024.105775","volume":"195","author":"J Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kim, J. et al. Identifying potential medical aid beneficiaries using machine learning: A Korean nationwide cohort study. Int. J. Med. Informatics. 195, 1\u20139 (2025).","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Informatics"},{"key":"34036_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042121","volume":"19","author":"J Kang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kang, J., Park, J. & Cho, J. Inclusive aging in korea: eradicating senior poverty. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 19, 2121 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"34036_CR55","first-page":"51","volume":"45","author":"J Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, J. Population aging in korea: importance of elderly workers. KDI J. Economic Policy. 45, 51\u201369 (2023).","journal-title":"KDI J. Economic Policy"},{"key":"34036_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14142784","volume":"14","author":"I Stalling","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stalling, I., Albrecht, B. M., Foettinger, L., Recke, C. & Bammann, K. Meal patterns of older adults: results from the OUTDOOR ACTIVE study. Nutrients 14, 1\u201311 (2022).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"34036_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1390459","volume":"12","author":"G Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee, G. & Kim, C. Social isolation and mental well-being among Korean older adults: a focus on living arrangements. Front. Public. Health. 12, 1\u201311 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"34036_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.21588\/dns.2016.45.3.009","volume":"45","author":"MA Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, M. A. Effects of economic and health conditions on the transition to living alone: A longitudinal study on older Koreans. Dev. Soc. 45, 591\u2013617 (2016).","journal-title":"Dev. Soc."},{"key":"34036_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101597","volume":"77","author":"A Walker-Clarke","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walker-Clarke, A., Walasek, L. & Meyer, C. Psychosocial factors influencing the eating behaviours of older adults: A systematic review. Ageing Res. Rev. 77, 1\u201314 (2022).","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"34036_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milne, A. C., Potter, J., Vivanti, A. & Avenell, A. Protein and energy supplementation in elderly people at risk from malnutrition. Cochrane Database Syst. Reviews. 2, 1\u2013114 (2009).","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003288.pub3"},{"key":"34036_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8070974","volume":"8","author":"D Volkert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Volkert, D. et al. Management of malnutrition in older patients\u2014current approaches, evidence and open questions. J. Clin. Med. 8, 1\u201316 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"34036_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610203008779","volume":"15","author":"LM Donini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Donini, L. M., Savina, C. & Cannella, C. Eating habits and appetite control in the elderly: the anorexia of aging. Int. Psychogeriatr. 15, 73\u201387 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-015-9821-x","volume":"37","author":"A Wysoki\u0144ski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wysoki\u0144ski, A., Sob\u00f3w, T., K\u0142oszewska, I. & Kostka, T. Mechanisms of the anorexia of aging\u2014a review. Age. 37, 81 (2015).","journal-title":"Age"},{"key":"34036_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/21551197.2016.1173614","volume":"35","author":"N Stroebele-Benschop","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stroebele-Benschop, N., Depa, J. & de Castro, J. M. Environmental strategies to promote food intake in older adults: a narrative review. J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr. 35, 95\u2013112 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR65","unstructured":"Gitelson, R., Ho, C., Fitzpatrick, T., Case, A. & McCabe, J. The impact of senior centers on participants in congregate meal programs. Journal Park & Recreation Administration. 26, 136\u2013151 (2008)."},{"key":"34036_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-023-01716-5","volume":"274","author":"P Riera-Serra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Riera-Serra, P. et al. Clinical predictors of suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and suicide death in depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. NeuroSci. 274, 1543\u20131563 (2024).","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. NeuroSci."},{"key":"34036_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/46771","volume":"25","author":"LB Sander","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sander, L. B. et al. The effects of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy for suicidal ideation or behaviors on depression, anxiety, and hopelessness in individuals with suicidal ideation: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. J. Med. Internet. Res. 25, 1\u201315 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet. Res."},{"key":"34036_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.2174\/1573400510666140807005141","volume":"11","author":"R Moutinho Coentre","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moutinho Coentre, R. & Luisa Figueira, M. Depression and suicidal behavior in medical students: a systematic review. Curr. Psychiatry Reviews. 11, 86\u2013101 (2015).","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Reviews"},{"key":"34036_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9030722","volume":"9","author":"MM F\u00e4ssberg","year":"2012","unstructured":"F\u00e4ssberg, M. M. et al. A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 9, 722\u2013745 (2012).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"34036_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v12.i1.187","volume":"12","author":"V Fernandez-Rodrigues","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fernandez-Rodrigues, V. et al. Risk factors for suicidal behaviour in late-life depression: a systematic review. World J. Psychiatry. 12, 187\u2013203\u00a0(2022).","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"34036_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.08.001","volume":"186","author":"R Zahn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zahn, R. et al. The role of self-blame and worthlessness in the psychopathology of major depressive disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 186, 337\u2013341 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"34036_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sabshin, M. Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Archives of General Psychiatry. 19, 766\u2013767 (1968).","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1968.01740120126024"},{"key":"34036_CR73","unstructured":"Shneidman, E. S. Suicide as Psychache: A Clinical Approach To self-destructive Behavior (Jason Aronson, 1993)."},{"key":"34036_CR74","unstructured":"Cartreine, J. More than sad: depression affects your ability to think. Harvard Health  (2016)."},{"key":"34036_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2019.05.009","volume":"83","author":"H Ko","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ko, H. et al. Gender differences in health status, quality of life, and community service needs of older adults living alone. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 83, 239\u2013245 (2019).","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Edgerton, J. D., Roberts, L. W. & von Below, S. Education and quality of life (Springer, 2011).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2421-1_12"},{"key":"34036_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000241","volume":"26","author":"K Jiyun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jiyun, K. & Jong-Eun, L. Social support and health-related quality of life among elderly individuals living alone in South korea: a cross-sectional study. J. Nurs. Res. 26, 316\u2013323 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"34036_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1080\/03601271003609009","volume":"36","author":"N Yahaya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yahaya, N., Abdullah, S. S., Momtaz, Y. A. & Hamid, T. A. Quality of life of older Malaysians living alone. Educ. Gerontol. 36, 893\u2013906 (2010).","journal-title":"Educ. Gerontol."},{"key":"34036_CR79","first-page":"43","volume":"44","author":"H Arslanta\u015f","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arslanta\u015f, H., Adana, F., Ergin, F. A., Kayar, D. & Acar, G. Loneliness in elderly people, associated factors and its correlation with quality of life: A field study from Western Turkey. Iran. J. public. Health. 44, 43\u201350 (2015).","journal-title":"Iran. J. public. Health"},{"key":"34036_CR80","unstructured":"Singh, K. & Srivastava, S. Loneliness and quality of life among elderly people. Journal Psychosocial Research. 9, 11\u201318 (2014)."},{"key":"34036_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032615","volume":"20","author":"A Vespa","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vespa, A. et al. Association between sense of loneliness and quality of life in older adults with Multimorbidity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 20, 1\u201312 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"34036_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0000000000000149","volume":"25","author":"CF Chang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chang, C. F., Yang, R. J., Chang, S. F., Chou, Y. H. & Huang, E. W. The effects of quality of life and ability to perform activities of daily living on mild cognitive impairment in older people living in publicly managed congregate housing. J. Nurs. Res. 25, 187\u2013197 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"34036_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05264-y","volume":"24","author":"VC Cavdar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cavdar, V. C. et al. Exploring depression, comorbidities and quality of life in geriatric patients: A study utilizing the geriatric depression scale and WHOQOL-OLD questionnaire. BMC Geriatr. 24, 1\u20137 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4715","volume":"33","author":"A Laudisio","year":"2018","unstructured":"Laudisio, A. et al. Definition of a geriatric depression scale cutoff based upon quality of life: a population-based study. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 33, 58\u201364 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"34036_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1080\/08952841.2017.1313023","volume":"30","author":"KS Cha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cha, K. S. & Lee, H. S. The effects of ego-resilience, social support, and depression on suicidal ideation among the elderly in South Korea. J. Women Aging. 30, 444\u2013459 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Women Aging"},{"key":"34036_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03423-8","volume":"21","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim, B. J. & Kihl, T. Suicidal ideation associated with depression and social support: a survey-based analysis of older adults in South Korea. BMC Psychiatry. 21, 1\u20139 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"34036_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1017\/S104161022000054X","volume":"33","author":"A Oon-Arom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Oon-Arom, A., Wongpakaran, T., Kuntawong, P. & Wongpakaran, N. Attachment anxiety, depression, and perceived social support: A moderated mediation model of suicide ideation among the elderly. Int. Psychogeriatr. 33, 169\u2013178 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"34036_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12436","volume":"27","author":"D Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, D. et al. The moderating effect of social support on the relationship between physical health and suicidal thoughts among Chinese rural elderly: A nursing home sample. Int. J. Ment Health Nurs. 27, 1371\u20131382 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment Health Nurs."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34036-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34036-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34036-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:03:24Z","timestamp":1769684604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34036-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-34036-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dankook University (DKU 2021-05-038). The patients\/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The funding source had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation of data, writing of the manuscript, or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Role of the funding source"}}],"article-number":"4019"}}