{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:13:05Z","timestamp":1788318785218,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNA15BB02A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA15BB02A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNA15BB02A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA15BB02A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNA15BB02A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA15BB02A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNA15BB02A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA15BB02A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNA15BB02A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNA15BB02A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Continental Scientific Drilling Project"},{"name":"Sloan Foundation\u2013Deep Carbon Observatory","award":["2014-3-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-3-01"]}]},{"name":"Sloan Foundation\u2013Deep Carbon Observatory","award":["2014-3-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-3-01"]}]},{"name":"Sloan Foundation\u2013Deep Carbon Observatory","award":["2014-3-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-3-01"]}]},{"name":"Sloan Foundation\u2013Deep Carbon Observatory","award":["2014-3-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-3-01"]}]},{"name":"Sloan Foundation\u2013Deep Carbon Observatory","award":["2014-3-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014-3-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1516300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1516300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1516300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1516300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1516300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1516300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1516300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1516300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EAR-1516300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EAR-1516300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003988","name":"JAMSTEC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003988","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"TAMU-JR Science operator"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Methane (CH\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{4}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) is common in fluids sourced from low-temperature hydrating (serpentinizing) peridotites, but the carbon sources, rates, and mechanisms of CH\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{4}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    formation are uncertain. In CH\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{4}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    dissolved in groundwaters pumped from four wells of up to 400\u00a0m depth in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman, we observed\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}^{14}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    C contents ranging from radiocarbon-dead to\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$0.3038\\pm 0.0015$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    fraction modern. Chemical and isotopic analyses of groundwaters and hydrocarbon gases align with microbiological data indicating that methanogens inhabiting H\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    -rich\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$(&gt;100 \\mu \\text{mol }{\\text{L}}^{-1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ),\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${\\text{pH}}&gt;11$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    fluids produce the\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}^{14}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    C-rich CH\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{4}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . This \u201cyoung\u201d microbial CH\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{4}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    constitutes a portion of the light hydrocarbons dissolved in the subsurface fluids, which also contain a distinct pool of relatively\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C- and\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-enriched CH\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{4}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and C\n                    <jats:sub>2+<\/jats:sub>\n                    alkanes that are likely abiotic and older. Our study of groundwaters accessed via wells complements prior studies, which have mostly found\n                    <jats:sup>14<\/jats:sup>\n                    C-free, gas-phase CH\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    from natural seeps in ophiolites and interpreted an abiotic source from unsaturated rocks. Most importantly, our radiocarbon data show that transport and localized conversion of atmospheric CO\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{2}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    to CH\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$${}_{4}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    in peridotites reacting with water at temperatures\u2009&lt;\u200960 \u02daC occurs at surprisingly fast rates, within the last\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$10\\hspace{0.17em}000$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    years.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34170-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T09:48:09Z","timestamp":1768816089000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Active conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide to methane in peridotites of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Nothaft","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis S.","family":"Templeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter B.","family":"Kelemen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juerg M.","family":"Matter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"39","key":"34170_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-092010-152509","volume":"39","author":"PB Kelemen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kelemen, P. B. et al. Rates and Mechanisms of Mineral Carbonation in Peridotite: Natural Processes and Recipes for Enhanced, in situ CO2 Capture and Storage. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39(39), 545\u2013576 (2011).","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2022.105373","volume":"143","author":"G Etiope","year":"2022","unstructured":"Etiope, G. & Oze, C. Microbial vs abiotic origin of methane in continental serpentinized ultramafic rocks: A critical review and the need of a holistic approach. Appl. Geochem. 143, 105373 (2022).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"34170_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366268","DOI":"10.3389\/fgeoc.2024.1366268","volume":"2","author":"AS Templeton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Templeton, A. S. et al. Low-temperature hydrogen production and consumption in partially-hydrated peridotites in Oman: implications for stimulated geological hydrogen production. Front. Geochem. 2, 1366268 (2024).","journal-title":"Front. Geochem."},{"key":"34170_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2475\/03.2020.01","volume":"320","author":"JAM Leong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Leong, J. A. M. & Shock, E. L. Thermodynamic constraints on the geochemistry of low-temperature, continental, serpentinization-generated fluids. Am. J. Sci. 320, 185\u2013235 (2020).","journal-title":"Am. J. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shock, E. L. Chapter 5 Chemical environments of submarine hydrothermal systems. Orig. Life Evol. Biosph. 22, 67\u2013107 (1992).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01808019"},{"key":"34170_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McCollom, T. M. Abiotic methane formation during experimental serpentinization of olivine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 201611843 (2016) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1611843113.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1611843113"},{"key":"34170_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7037(99)00348-8","volume":"64","author":"JC Medina","year":"2000","unstructured":"Medina, J. C., Butala, S. J., Bartholomew, C. H. & Lee, M. L. Low temperature iron- and nickel-catalyzed reactions leading to coalbed gas formation. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 643\u2013649 (2000).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2010.08.012","volume":"74","author":"YA Taran","year":"2010","unstructured":"Taran, Y. A., Kliger, G. A., Cienfuegos, E. & Shuykin, A. N. Carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions of products of open-system catalytic hydrogenation of CO2: Implications for abiogenic hydrocarbons in Earth\u2019s crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 74, 6112\u20136125 (2010).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/gfl.12106","volume":"15","author":"G Etiope","year":"2015","unstructured":"Etiope, G. & Ionescu, A. Low-temperature catalytic CO 2 hydrogenation with geological quantities of ruthenium: a possible abiotic CH 4 source in chromitite-rich serpentinized rocks. Geofluids 15, 438\u2013452 (2015).","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"34170_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbier, S. et al. A Review of H2, CH4, and Hydrocarbon Formation in Experimental Serpentinization Using Network Analysis. Front. Earth Sci. 8, (2020).","DOI":"10.3389\/feart.2020.00209"},{"key":"34170_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1021\/acsearthspacechem.1c00046","volume":"5","author":"P Ruiz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruiz, P. et al. Abiotic Transformation of H2 and CO2 into Methane on a Natural Chromitite Rock. ACS Earth Space Chem. 5, 1695\u20131708 (2021).","journal-title":"ACS Earth Space Chem."},{"key":"34170_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2024.122575","volume":"676","author":"L Pappalardo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pappalardo, L., Buono, G., Procesi, M. & Etiope, G. The link between ophiolitic chromitites, natural hydrogen and methane: Insights from 3D microtomography. Chem. Geol. 676, 122575 (2025).","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"34170_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1029\/95JB02252","volume":"101","author":"DS Kelley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kelley, D. S. Methane-rich fluids in the oceanic crust. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 101, 2943\u20132962 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"34170_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10439","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900058","volume":"104","author":"DS Kelley","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kelley, D. S. & Fr\u00fch-Green, G. L. Abiogenic methane in deep-seated mid-ocean ridge environments: Insights from stable isotope analyses. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 104, 10439\u201310460 (1999).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"34170_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2017.11.030","volume":"223","author":"DT Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, D. T., Reeves, E. P., McDermott, J. M., Seewald, J. S. & Ono, S. Clumped isotopologue constraints on the origin of methane at seafloor hot springs. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 223, 141\u2013158 (2018).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17666","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1907871116","volume":"116","author":"F Klein","year":"2019","unstructured":"Klein, F., Grozeva, N. G. & Seewald, J. S. Abiotic methane synthesis and serpentinization in olivine-hosted fluid inclusions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 116, 17666\u201317672 (2019).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2927(90)90060-I","volume":"5","author":"TA Abrajano","year":"1990","unstructured":"Abrajano, T. A. et al. Geochemistry of reduced gas related to serpentinization of the Zambales ophiolite. Philippines. Appl. Geochem. 5, 625\u2013630 (1990).","journal-title":"Philippines. Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"34170_CR18","first-page":"291","volume":"10","author":"G Etiope","year":"2014","unstructured":"Etiope, G. & Schoell, M. Abiotic Gas: Atypical. But Not Rare. Elements 10, 291\u2013296 (2014).","journal-title":"But Not Rare. Elements"},{"key":"34170_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2015.12.001","volume":"66","author":"G Etiope","year":"2016","unstructured":"Etiope, G. et al. Abiotic methane seepage in the Ronda peridotite massif, southern Spain. Appl. Geochem. 66, 101\u2013113 (2016).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"34170_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2019.01.012","volume":"102","author":"G Etiope","year":"2019","unstructured":"Etiope, G. & Whiticar, M. J. Abiotic methane in continental ultramafic rock systems: Towards a genetic model. Appl. Geochem. 102, 139\u2013152 (2019).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"34170_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2022.117510","volume":"585","author":"K Suda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Suda, K. et al. The origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hyperalkaline hot spring at Hakuba Happo, Japan: Radiocarbon, methane isotopologue and noble gas isotope approaches. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 585, 117510 (2022).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"34170_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2025.09.039","volume":"409","author":"L Truche","year":"2025","unstructured":"Truche, L. et al. A dynamic H2 system with multi-source methane in chromitite-rich ophiolitic settings. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 409, 281\u2013307 (2025).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR23","first-page":"304","volume":"2024","author":"RE Price","year":"2024","unstructured":"Price, R. E. et al. Methane cycling in the Prony Bay Hydrothermal Field, New Caledonia: insights from clumped CH4 isotopologues and 14C-CH4. Astrobiol. Sci. Conf. (AbSciCon) 2024, 304\u2013402 (2024).","journal-title":"Astrobiol. Sci. Conf. (AbSciCon)"},{"key":"34170_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/35084000","volume":"412","author":"DS Kelley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kelley, D. S. et al. An off-axis hydrothermal vent field near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 30\u00b0 N. Nature 412, 145\u2013149 (2001).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"34170_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2015.04.040","volume":"163","author":"WE Seyfried","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seyfried, W. E., Pester, N. J., Tutolo, B. M. & Ding, K. The Lost City hydrothermal system: Constraints imposed by vent fluid chemistry and reaction path models on subseafloor heat and mass transfer processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 163, 59\u201379 (2015).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1151194","volume":"319","author":"G Proskurowski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Proskurowski, G. et al. Abiogenic Hydrocarbon Production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Science 319, 604\u2013607 (2008).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"34170_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17295","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805794105","volume":"105","author":"PB Kelemen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelemen, P. B. & Matter, J. In situ carbonation of peridotite for CO2 storage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 17295\u201317300 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neal, C. & Stanger, G. Past And Present Serpentinisation of Ultramafic Rocks; An Example from the Semail Ophiolite Nappe of Northern Oman. in The Chemistry of Weathering 249\u2013275 (The Open University, Dordrecht, 1985). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-009-5333-8_15.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5333-8_15"},{"key":"34170_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2016.01.033","volume":"179","author":"HM Miller","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miller, H. M. et al. Modern water\/rock reactions in Oman hyperalkaline peridotite aquifers and implications for microbial habitability. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 179, 217\u2013241 (2016).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR30","unstructured":"Fritz, P., Clark, I. D., Fontes, J.-C., Whiticar, M. J. & Faber, E. Deuterium and 13C evidence for low temperature production of hydrogen and methane in a highly alkaline groundwater environment in Oman. in Water-rock interaction\u202f: proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Water-Rock Interaction\u202f: WRI-7, Park City, Utah, USA, 13\u201318 July 1992 (eds Kharaka, Y. K. & Maest, A. S.) 793\u2013796 (Balkema, Rotterdam, 1992)."},{"key":"34170_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11345","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-015-1975-4","volume":"8","author":"G Etiope","year":"2015","unstructured":"Etiope, G., Judas, J. & Whiticar, M. J. Occurrence of abiotic methane in the eastern United Arab Emirates ophiolite aquifer. Arab. J. Geosci. 8, 11345\u201311348 (2015).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"34170_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fones, E. M. et al. Physiological adaptations to serpentinization in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman. ISME J. (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41396-019-0391-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0391-2"},{"key":"34170_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"126","author":"DB Nothaft","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nothaft, D. B. et al. Geochemical, Biological, and Clumped Isotopologue Evidence for Substantial Microbial Methane Production Under Carbon Limitation in Serpentinites of the Samail Ophiolite. Oman. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 126, 1\u201330 (2021).","journal-title":"Oman. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"34170_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JG006315","volume":"126","author":"AS Templeton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Templeton, A. S. et al. Accessing the Subsurface Biosphere Within Rocks Undergoing Active Low-Temperature Serpentinization in the Samail Ophiolite (Oman Drilling Project). J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 126, 1\u201330 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"34170_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leong, J. A. et al. H2 and CH4 outgassing rates in the Samail ophiolite, Oman: Implications for low-temperature, continental serpentinization rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta (2023) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.gca.2023.02.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2023.02.008"},{"key":"34170_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2017.12.018","volume":"223","author":"C Vacquand","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vacquand, C. et al. Reduced gas seepages in ophiolitic complexes: Evidences for multiple origins of the H2-CH4-N2 gas mixtures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 223, 437\u2013461 (2018).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leong, J. A. M. et al. Theoretical Predictions Versus Environmental Observations on Serpentinization Fluids: Lessons From the Samail Ophiolite in Oman. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 126, (2021).","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JB020756"},{"key":"34170_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rempfert, K. R. et al. Geological and Geochemical Controls on Subsurface Microbial Life in the Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Front. Microbiol. 8, (2017).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00056"},{"key":"34170_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01301a016","volume":"58","author":"P Flory","year":"1936","unstructured":"Flory, P. Molecular Size Distribution in Linear Condensation Polymers1. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58, 1877\u20131885 (1936).","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"34170_CR40","unstructured":"Anderson, R. B. Ch. 5 Mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. in The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL USA, 1984)."},{"key":"34170_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/rog.20011","volume":"51","author":"G Etiope","year":"2013","unstructured":"Etiope, G. & Sherwood Lollar, B. Abiotic methane on earth. Rev. Geophys. 51, 276\u2013299 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"34170_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2018.09.002","volume":"125","author":"AV Milkov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Milkov, A. V. & Etiope, G. Revised genetic diagrams for natural gases based on a global dataset of >20,000 samples. Org. Geochem. 125, 109\u2013120 (2018).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"34170_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turnbull, J. C. et al. A new high precision 14CO2 time series for North American continental air. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres 112, (2007).","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JD008184"},{"key":"34170_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200003672","volume":"19","author":"M Stuiver","year":"1977","unstructured":"Stuiver, M. & Polach, H. A. Discussion Reporting of 14C Data. Radiocarbon 19, 355\u2013363 (1977).","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"34170_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200033154","volume":"46","author":"PJ Reimer","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reimer, P. J., Brown, T. A. & Reimer, R. W. Discussion: Reporting and Calibration of Post-Bomb 14 C Data. Radiocarbon 46, 1299\u20131304 (2004).","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"34170_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boone, D. R. Methanobacterium. in Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria 1\u20138 (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118960608.gbm00495.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118960608.gbm00495"},{"key":"34170_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekiguchi, Y. et al. Thermodesulfovibrio aggregans sp. nov. and Thermodesulfovibrio thiophilus sp. nov., anaerobic, thermophilic, sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from thermophilic methanogenic sludge, and emended description of the genus Thermodesulfovibrio. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 58, 2541\u20132548 (2008).","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.2008\/000893-0"},{"key":"34170_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maki, J. S. Thermodesulfovibrio. in Bergey\u2019s Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria 1\u20139 (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118960608.gbm00781.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118960608.gbm00781"},{"key":"34170_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17593505","author":"DB Nothaft","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nothaft, D. B. danote\/Oman-14CH4: Oman-14CH4 zenodo. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17593505 (2025)."},{"key":"34170_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.60.2.439-471.1996","volume":"60","author":"RS Hanson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hanson, R. S. & Hanson, T. E. Methanotrophic bacteria. Microbiol. Rev. 60, 439\u2013471 (1996).","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"34170_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2018.06.007","volume":"237","author":"HM Miller","year":"2018","unstructured":"Miller, H. M. et al. Large carbon isotope variability during methanogenesis under alkaline conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 237, 18\u201331 (2018).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2016.07.031","volume":"192","author":"DT Wang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wang, D. T., Welander, P. V. & Ono, S. Fractionation of the methane isotopologues 13CH4, 12CH3D, and 13CH3D during aerobic oxidation of methane by Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 192, 186\u2013202 (2016).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2069","volume":"7","author":"MY Yoshinaga","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yoshinaga, M. Y. et al. Carbon isotope equilibration during sulphate-limited anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nat. Geosci. 7, 190\u2013194 (2014).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"34170_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-00838-1","volume":"15","author":"EM Fones","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fones, E. M. et al. Diversification of methanogens into hyperalkaline serpentinizing environments through adaptations to minimize oxidant limitation. ISME J. 15, 1121\u20131135 (2021).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"34170_CR55","first-page":"e02068","volume":"87","author":"EA Kraus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kraus, E. A. et al. Molecular Evidence for an Active Microbial Methane Cycle in Subsurface Serpentinite-Hosted Groundwaters in the Samail Ophiolite. Oman. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 87, e02068-e2120 (2021).","journal-title":"Oman. Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"34170_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colman, D. R., Templeton, A. S., Spear, J. R. & Boyd, E. S. Microbial ecology of serpentinite-hosted ecosystems. ISME J. 19, wraf029 (2025).","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf029"},{"key":"34170_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Formolo, M. The Microbial Production of Methane and Other Volatile Hydrocarbons. in Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology 113\u2013126 (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-77587-4.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-77587-4"},{"key":"34170_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5861(03)00305-5","volume":"84","author":"I Puskas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Puskas, I. & Hurlbut, R. S. Comments about the causes of deviations from the Anderson\u2013Schulz\u2013Flory distribution of the Fischer-Tropsch reaction products. Catal. Today 84, 99\u2013109 (2003).","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"34170_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2015.07.005","volume":"138","author":"D F\u00f6rtsch","year":"2015","unstructured":"F\u00f6rtsch, D., Pabst, K. & Gro\u00df-Hardt, E. The product distribution in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: An extension of the ASF model to describe common deviations. Chem. Eng. Sci. 138, 333\u2013346 (2015).","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2020.08.013","volume":"288","author":"J Labidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Labidi, J. et al. Methane thermometry in deep-sea hydrothermal systems: Evidence for re-ordering of doubly-substituted isotopologues during fluid cooling. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 288, 248\u2013261 (2020).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2023.02.008","volume":"347","author":"JA Leong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leong, J. A. et al. H2 and CH4 outgassing rates in the Samail ophiolite, Oman: Implications for low-temperature, continental serpentinization rates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 347, 1\u201315 (2023).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s10040-005-0449-2","volume":"13","author":"B Dewandel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Dewandel, B. et al. A conceptual hydrogeological model of ophiolite hard-rock aquifers in Oman based on a multiscale and a multidisciplinary approach. Hydrogeol. J. 13, 708\u2013726 (2005).","journal-title":"Hydrogeol. J."},{"key":"34170_CR63","first-page":"20180431","volume":"378","author":"NG Grozeva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grozeva, N. G., Klein, F., Seewald, J. S. & Sylva, S. P. Chemical and isotopic analyses of hydrocarbon-bearing fluid inclusions in olivine-rich rocks. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 378, 20180431 (2020).","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022729","volume":"126","author":"PB Kelemen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kelemen, P. B. et al. Initial Results From the Oman Drilling Project Multi-Borehole Observatory: Petrogenesis and Ongoing Alteration of Mantle Peridotite in the Weathering Horizon. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 126, 1\u201352 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"34170_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(88)90013-0","volume":"52","author":"RS Oremland","year":"1988","unstructured":"Oremland, R. S., Whiticar, M. J., Strohmaier, F. E. & Kiene, R. P. Bacterial ethane formation from reduced, ethylated sulfur compounds in anoxic sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52, 1895\u20131904 (1988).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14684","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606535103","volume":"103","author":"K-U Hinrichs","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hinrichs, K.-U. et al. Biological formation of ethane and propane in the deep marine subsurface. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 103, 14684\u201314689 (2006).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sherwood Lollar, B. et al. Isotopic signatures of CH4 and higher hydrocarbon gases from Precambrian Shield sites: A model for abiogenic polymerization of hydrocarbons. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72, 4778\u20134795 (2008).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2008.07.004"},{"key":"34170_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.2138\/rmg.2013.75.15","volume":"75","author":"TM McCollom","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCollom, T. M. Laboratory Simulations of Abiotic Hydrocarbon Formation in Earth\u2019s Deep Subsurface. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 75, 467\u2013494 (2013).","journal-title":"Rev. Mineral. Geochem."},{"key":"34170_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27082-0","volume":"8","author":"G Etiope","year":"2018","unstructured":"Etiope, G. et al. Widespread abiotic methane in chromitites. Sci. Rep. 8, 8728 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"34170_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thieringer, P. H., Boyd, E. S., Templeton, A. S. & Spear, J. R. Metapangenomic investigation provides insight into niche differentiation of methanogenic populations from the subsurface serpentinizing environment, Samail Ophiolite, Oman. Front. Microbiol. 14, (2023).","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1205558"},{"key":"34170_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125152","volume":"589","author":"G Lods","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lods, G., Roubinet, D., Matter, J. M., Leprovost, R. & Gouze, P. Groundwater flow characterization of an ophiolitic hard-rock aquifer from cross-borehole multi-level hydraulic experiments. J. Hydrol. 589, 125152 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"34170_CR72","unstructured":"Paukert, A. Mineral Carbonation in Mantle Peridotite of the Samail Ophiolite , Oman\u202f: Implications for permanent geological carbon dioxide capture and storage. (Columbia University2014)."},{"key":"34170_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ternieten, L., Fruh\u2010Green, G. L. & Bernasconi, S. M. Carbon Geochemistry of the Active Serpentinization Site at the Wadi Tayin Massif: Insights From the ICDP Oman Drilling Project: Phase II. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth 126, (2021).","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JB022712"},{"key":"34170_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paukert Vankeuren, A. N., Matter, J. M., Stute, M. & Kelemen, P. B. Multitracer determination of apparent groundwater ages in peridotite aquifers within the Samail ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 516, 37\u201348 (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2019.03.007"},{"key":"34170_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paukert Vankeuren, A. N. et al. Young apparent ages (<1000 years) of hyperalkaline groundwater in the peridotite section of the Samail Ophiolite, Oman ORAL PRESENTATION. in (Goldschmidt Conference, Lyon, France, 2023).","DOI":"10.7185\/gold2023.17070"},{"key":"34170_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howells, A. E. G. et al. Energetically Informed Niche Models of Hydrogenotrophs Detected in Sediments of Serpentinized Fluids of the Samail Ophiolite of Oman. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 127, e2021JG006317 (2022).","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JG006317"},{"key":"34170_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JG003825","volume":"122","author":"PA Canovas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Canovas, P. A., Hoehler, T. & Shock, E. L. Geochemical bioenergetics during low-temperature serpentinization: An example from the Samail ophiolite, Sultanate of Oman. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 122, 1821\u20131847 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"34170_CR78","first-page":"143","volume":"38","author":"C Boulart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Boulart, C. et al. Differences in gas venting from ultramafic-hosted warm springs\u202f: the example of Oman and Voltri Ophiolites. Ofioliti 38, 143\u2013156 (2013).","journal-title":"Ofioliti"},{"key":"34170_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2005.11.005","volume":"229","author":"G Proskurowski","year":"2006","unstructured":"Proskurowski, G., Lilley, M. D., Kelley, D. S. & Olson, E. J. Low temperature volatile production at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field, evidence from a hydrogen stable isotope geothermometer. Chem. Geol. 229, 331\u2013343 (2006).","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"34170_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2022.06.027","volume":"332","author":"KA Aquino","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aquino, K. A. et al. Multi-stage evolution of the Lost City hydrothermal vent fluids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 332, 239\u2013262 (2022).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"34170_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.05.034","volume":"297","author":"AS Bradley","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bradley, A. S. & Summons, R. E. Multiple origins of methane at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 297, 34\u201341 (2010).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"34170_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-19002-5","volume":"8","author":"SQ Lang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lang, S. Q. et al. Deeply-sourced formate fuels sulfate reducers but not methanogens at Lost City hydrothermal field. Sci. Rep. 8, 1\u201310 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"34170_CR83","unstructured":"Matter, J. M. et al. Oman Drilling Project Phase I Borehole Geophysical Survey. in vol. 2017 V43G-2950 (2017)."},{"key":"34170_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10949","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712334105","volume":"105","author":"K Takai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takai, K. et al. Cell proliferation at 122 C and isotopically heavy CH4 production by a hyperthermophilic methanogen under high-pressure cultivation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 10949\u201310954 (2008).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"34170_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-022-01043-9","volume":"15","author":"F Osselin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osselin, F. et al. Orange hydrogen is the new green. Nat. Geosci. 15, 765\u2013769 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"34170_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15455","DOI":"10.1029\/91JD01119","volume":"96","author":"DC Lowe","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lowe, D. C., Brenninkmeijer, C. A. M., Tyler, S. C. & Dlugkencky, E. J. Determination of the isotopic composition of atmospheric methane and its application in the Antarctic. J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres 96, 15455\u201315467 (1991).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres"},{"key":"34170_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033822200043368","volume":"50","author":"VV Petrenko","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petrenko, V. V. et al. A New Method for Analyzing 14C of Methane in Ancient Air Extracted from Glacial Ice. Radiocarbon 50, 53\u201373 (2008).","journal-title":"Radiocarbon"},{"key":"34170_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nothaft, D. Dissolved inorganic carbon concentration and 13C\/12C. (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17504\/protocols.io.zduf26w.","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.zduf26w"},{"key":"34170_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nothaft, D. B. Bubble strip aqueous gas sampling. https:\/\/www.protocols.io\/view\/bubble-strip-aqueous-gas-sampling-bkb9ksr6 (2020).","DOI":"10.17504\/protocols.io.bkb9ksr6"},{"key":"34170_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.31","volume":"7","author":"TL Hamilton","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hamilton, T. L., Peters, J. W., Skidmore, M. L. & Boyd, E. S. Molecular evidence for an active endogenous microbiome beneath glacial ice. ISME J. 7, 1402\u20131412 (2013).","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"34170_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weinstein, M. M., Prem, A., Jin, M., Tang, S. & Bhasin, J. M. FIGARO: An efficient and objective tool for optimizing microbiome rRNA gene trimming parameters. bioRxiv (2019) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/610394.","DOI":"10.1101\/610394"},{"key":"34170_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods 13, 581\u2013583 (2016).","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"34170_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","volume":"73","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Garrity, G. M., Tiedje, J. M. & Cole, J. R. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 5261\u20135267 (2007).","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"34170_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast, C. et al. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D590\u2013D596 (2013).","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"34170_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.17594721","author":"DB Nothaft","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nothaft, D. B. danote\/Samail_16S_compilation: Second release of Samail 16S data processing repository. Zenodo https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.17594721 (2025)."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34170-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34170-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34170-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T11:02:29Z","timestamp":1773054149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34170-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34170"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-34170-5","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.17593505","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.5281\/zenodo.17594721","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 March 2026","order":6,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Update","order":7,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The original online version of this Article was revised: The Funding section in the original version of this Article was incomplete. The Funding section now reads: \u201cThis research was directly supported by the Rock-Powered Life NASA Astrobiology Institute (NNA15BB02A). This research also used samples and\/or data provided by the Oman Drilling Project. The Oman Drilling Project (OmanDP) has been possible through co-mingled funds from the International Continental Scientific Drilling Project (ICDP), the Sloan Foundation\u2013Deep Carbon Observatory (Grant 2014-3-01, Kelemen PI), the National Science Foundation (NSF-EAR-1516300, Kelemen PI), the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NNA15BB02A), the German Research Foundation (DFG), the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), the European Research Council, the Swiss National Science Foundation, JAMSTEC, the TAMU-JR Science operator, and contributions from the Sultanate of Oman Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources, the Oman Public Authority of Mining, Sultan Qaboos University, CNRS-Univ. Montpellier II, Columbia University, and the University of Southampton. Publication of this article was funded by the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Open Access Fund.\" The original Article has been corrected.","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"D.B.N. is CEO of Uplift Geosystems LLC, a company involved in metallurgical and carbon removal technologies. A.S.T. is a minor shareholder in Eden GeoPower, Inc., a reservoir stimulation company with applications in the geothermal, mining, and petroleum industries. J.M.M. is Chief Scientific Officer of Protostar Group Ltd DBA 44.01, a company that stores CO2 in peridotites. P.B.K. is a minor shareholder in Heirloom Carbon Technologies, Inc., a CO2 direct air capture company. P.B.K., J.M.M., and Columbia University hold US Patent 8524152, \u2018Systems and methods for enhancing rates of in situ carbonation in peridotite\u2019. E.S.B. has no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4046"}}