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The system operates in the VHF band to exploit its strong ground-penetration capability, where the limited available bandwidth necessitates advanced waveform shaping to achieve sufficient imaging resolution. To address this challenge, an optimized piecewise-linear nonlinear frequency modulation (PWL-NLFM) chirp is designed using particle swarm optimization (PSO), jointly minimizing sidelobe levels while preserving the required pulse-compression ratio. The tunable parameter\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:tex-math>$$Q$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    controls the number of PWL segments, enabling a flexible trade-off between sidelobe suppression and pulse compression ratio according to mission requirements. Quantitative evaluation demonstrates that the proposed waveform significantly outperforms standard LFM and quadratic NLFM pulses, reducing the peak sidelobe level ratio (PSLR) to -33.0 dB and improving the integrated sidelobe ratio (ISLR) to -21.8 dB. A full two-dimensional (range\u2013azimuth) point-target simulation further confirms that these improvements translate into superior SAR focusing, producing a cleaner and more isolated mainlobe with only slight broadening. This enhanced 2-D response increases the contrast between weak subsurface targets and background clutter, directly improving the detectability of tunnel features. The optimized PWL-NLFM waveform is integrated into a low-power SDR-based SAR transceiver, demonstrating its suitability for long-duration airborne sensing missions requiring deep penetration and high-contrast imaging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34246-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T02:54:25Z","timestamp":1769482465000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A low-power VHF transceiver for airborne SAR with enhanced buried object detection using chirped signal processing"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yasser","family":"Siddik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid F. 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