{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T21:39:58Z","timestamp":1770068398215,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Unionls HORIZON Research and Innovation Programme","award":["857510"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857510"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34720-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T19:55:54Z","timestamp":1768334154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimized spectral indices for global vegetation and water mapping using Sentinel-2"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Charalambos","family":"Chrysostomou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stelios P.","family":"Neophytides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michalis","family":"Mavrovouniotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diofantos G.","family":"Hadjimitsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"34720_CR1","unstructured":"IPBES, B. E. et al. Global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. IPBES Secretariat1148 (2019)."},{"key":"34720_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-16-2625-2024","volume":"16","author":"PM Forster","year":"2024","unstructured":"Forster, P. M. et al. Indicators of Global Climate Change 2023: annual update of key indicators of the state of the climate system and human influence. Earth System Science Data16, 2625\u201358 (2024).","journal-title":"Earth System Science Data"},{"key":"34720_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pettorelli, N., B\u00fchne, H., Schulte to, Tulloch, A., et al. Satellite remote sensing of ecosystem functions: opportunities, challenges and way forward. Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation4,71\u201393 (2018 ).","DOI":"10.1002\/rse2.59"},{"key":"34720_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353691","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1353691","volume":"2017","author":"J Xue","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xue, J. & Su, B. Significant remote sensing vegetation indices: A review of developments and applications. Journal of sensors2017, 1353691 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of sensors"},{"key":"34720_CR5","first-page":"309","volume":"351","author":"JW Rouse","year":"1974","unstructured":"Rouse, J. W., Haas, R. H., Schell, J. A. & Deering, D. W. Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. NASA Special Publication351, 309 (1974).","journal-title":"NASA Special Publication"},{"key":"34720_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(88)90106-X","volume":"25","author":"AR Huete","year":"1988","unstructured":"Huete, A. R. A soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). Remote Sensing of Environment25, 295\u2013309 (1988).","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"34720_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00096-2","volume":"83","author":"A Huete","year":"2002","unstructured":"Huete, A. et al. Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sensing of Environment83, 195\u2013213 (2002).","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"34720_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169608948714","volume":"17","author":"SK McFeeters","year":"1996","unstructured":"McFeeters, S. K. The use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the delineation of open water features. International Journal of Remote Sensing17, 1425\u201332 (1996).","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"34720_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","volume":"27","author":"H Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu, H. Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery. International Journal of Remote Sensing27, 3025\u201333 (2006).","journal-title":"International Journal of Remote Sensing"},{"key":"34720_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","volume":"140","author":"GL Feyisa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feyisa, G. L., Meilby, H., Fensholt, R. & Proud, S. R. Automated Water Extraction Index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment140, 23\u201335 (2014).","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"34720_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Augusto, D. A., Barbosa, H. J. Symbolic regression via genetic programming. In: Proceedings. Vol. 1. Sixth Brazilian symposium on neural networks. IEEE. 173\u20138 (2000).","DOI":"10.1109\/SBRN.2000.889734"},{"key":"34720_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4492","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.2018.2853719","volume":"50","author":"J Zhong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhong, J., Feng, L., Cai, W. & Ong, Y. S. Multifactorial genetic programming for symbolic regression problems. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics: systems50, 4492\u2013505 (2018).","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics: systems"},{"key":"34720_CR13","unstructured":"Cranmer, M. PySR: High-Performance Symbolic Regression in Python and Julia. Astrophysics Source Code Library 2ascl\u20132409 (024)."},{"key":"34720_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1165893","volume":"324","author":"M Schmidt","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schmidt, M. & Lipson, H. Distilling free-form natural laws from experimental data. Science324, 81\u20135 (2009).","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"34720_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1557\/mrc.2019.85","volume":"9","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Wagner, N. & Rondinelli, J. M. Symbolic regression in materials science. MRS communications9, 793\u2013805 (2019).","journal-title":"MRS communications"},{"key":"34720_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-023-10622-0","volume":"57","author":"N Makke","year":"2024","unstructured":"Makke, N. & Chawla, S. Interpretable scientific discovery with symbolic regression: a review. Artificial Intelligence Review57, 2 (2024).","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"34720_CR17","unstructured":"European Space Agency. Copernicus Sentinel-2. Accessed: 01\/06\/2025. (2024). https:\/\/sentinels.copernicus.eu\/web\/sentinel\/missions\/sentinel-2."},{"key":"34720_CR18","unstructured":"Zanaga, D., Van De Kerchove, R., Daems, D., et al. ESA WorldCover 10 m 2021 v200. (2022)."},{"key":"34720_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","volume":"202","author":"N Gorelick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gorelick, N. et al. Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote sensing of Environment202, 18\u201327 (2017).","journal-title":"Remote sensing of Environment"},{"key":"34720_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-4257(94)90134-1","volume":"48","author":"J Qi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Qi, J., Chehbouni, A., Huete, A. R., Kerr, Y. H. & Sorooshian, S. A modified soil adjusted vegetation index. Remote Sensing of Environment48, 119\u201326 (1994).","journal-title":"Remote Sensing of Environment"},{"key":"34720_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(93)06963-4","volume":"22","author":"AA Gitelson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gitelson, A. A. & Merzlyak, M. N. Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll a using reflectance spectra: Experiments with autumn chestnut and maple leaves. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology22, 247\u201352 (1994).","journal-title":"Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology"},{"key":"34720_CR22","unstructured":"Fisher, A., Flood, N., Danaher, T. The water index (WI2015) for Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8. In: Proceedings of the 18th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference. Melbourne, Australia, 23\u20138 (2016)."},{"key":"34720_CR23","first-page":"87","volume":"1","author":"R Nedkov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nedkov, R. Tasseled Cap Transformation for Sentinel-2 Images. Journal of Geoinformatics and Spatial Analysis1, 87\u201395 (2017).","journal-title":"Journal of Geoinformatics and Spatial Analysis"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34720-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34720-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34720-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T10:13:24Z","timestamp":1770027204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34720-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34720"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-34720-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4491"}}