{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:35:31Z","timestamp":1789580131883,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34737-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T16:07:39Z","timestamp":1767629259000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Performance analysis of geotextile-encased stone columns using a simplified analytical approach"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8620-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nibir","family":"Rahman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md.","family":"Rokonuzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashiqur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"34737_CR1","unstructured":"Bachus, R. C. & Barksdale, R. D. Vertical and lateral behavior of model stone columns. (1984). http:\/\/pascal-francis.inist.fr\/vibad\/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=8512301"},{"key":"34737_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahman, N., Rokonuzzaman, M., Sakai, T. & Rahman, S. Behavior of floating stone columns in soft clay: field tests and numerical analysis. Int. J. Geomech. 25(6), 11100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/ijgnai.gmeng-11100 (2025).","DOI":"10.1061\/ijgnai.gmeng-11100"},{"issue":"1","key":"34737_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1680\/geot.1975.25.1.51","volume":"25","author":"JM Mckenna","year":"1975","unstructured":"Mckenna, J. M., Eyre, W. A. & Wolstenholme, D. R. Performance of an embankment supported by stone columns in soft ground. G\u00e9otechnique 25(1), 51\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/geot.1975.25.1.51 (1975).","journal-title":"G\u00e9otechnique"},{"key":"34737_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamed, M. K., Sakr, M. A. & Azzam, W. R. Geotechnical behavior of encased stone columns in soft clay soil. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 8(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41062-023-01044-6 (2023).","DOI":"10.1007\/s41062-023-01044-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"34737_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86036-5","volume":"15","author":"N Srijan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Srijan, N. & Gupta, A. K. Sustainable material as a column filler in soft clay bed reinforced with encased column: numerical analysis. Sci. Rep. 15(1), 1650. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-86036-5 (2025).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"34737_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1007\/s13369-013-0709-8","volume":"39","author":"JN Afshar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Afshar, J. N. & Ghazavi, M. Experimental studies on bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced stone columns. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39(3), 1559\u20131571. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13369-013-0709-8 (2013).","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"5","key":"34737_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1007\/s11204-018-9546-9","volume":"55","author":"SH Lajevardi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lajevardi, S. H., Shamsi, H. R., Hamidi, M. & Enami, S. Numerical and experimental studies on single stone columns. Soil Mech. Found. Eng. 55(5), 340\u2013345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11204-018-9546-9 (2018).","journal-title":"Soil Mech. Found. Eng."},{"key":"34737_CR8","unstructured":"Lee, D., Yoo, C. & Park, S. Model tests for analysis of load carrying capacity of geogrid encased stone column. The Seventeenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference  (2007). https:\/\/www.isope.org\/publications\/proceedings\/ISOPE\/ISOPE%202007\/papers\/I07JSC-123lee.pdf"},{"key":"34737_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almeida, M. S. S., Hosseinpour, I., Riccio, M. & Alexiew, D. Behavior of Geotextile-Encased granular columns supporting test embankment on soft deposit. J. Geotech. GeoEnviron. Eng. 141(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001256 (2014).","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001256"},{"issue":"1","key":"34737_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2023.09.005","volume":"52","author":"F Ouyang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ouyang, F. et al. Field tests on partially geotextile encased stone column-supported embankment over silty clay. Geotext. Geomembr. 52(1), 95\u2013109. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2023.09.005 (2023).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"34737_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rahman, N., Rokonuzzaman, M., Rahman, A. & Sakai, T. Performance of geosynthetic-encased Stone Column Groups in Soft Clay: Field Tests and Numerical Study 1\u201327 (Geosynthetics International, 2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/jgein.25.00094","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.25.00094"},{"issue":"6","key":"34737_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1680\/gein.12.00033","volume":"19","author":"C Yoo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yoo, C. & Lee, D. Performance of geogrid-encased stone columns in soft ground: full-scale load tests. Geosynthetics Int. 19(6), 480\u2013490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/gein.12.00033 (2012).","journal-title":"Geosynthetics Int."},{"issue":"7","key":"34737_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5965","DOI":"10.3390\/su15075965","volume":"15","author":"K Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, K., Liu, M., Cao, J., Niu, J. & Zhuang, Y. Bearing characteristics of composite foundation reinforced by Geosynthetic-Encased stone column: field tests and numerical analyses. Sustainability 15(7), 5965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su15075965 (2023).","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"34737_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Punetha, P. & Shanmugam, G. K. Experimental evaluation of encased stone column technique for liquefaction mitigation. In Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Advances in Soil Dynamics and Foundation Engineering 176\u2013184 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-13-0131-5_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0131-5_20"},{"key":"34737_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rashwan, S. I. Numerical analysis considering the dynamic installation effects of stone column on soft clay response. Jordan J. Civil Eng. 19(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14525\/jjce.v19i3.08 (2025).","DOI":"10.14525\/jjce.v19i3.08"},{"issue":"1","key":"34737_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2020.10.021","volume":"49","author":"JF Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen, J. F. et al. Centrifuge modeling of geosynthetic-encased stone column-supported embankment over soft clay. Geotext. Geomembr. 49(1), 210\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2020.10.021 (2020).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"issue":"3","key":"34737_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2020.11.003","volume":"49","author":"LY Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li, L. Y., Rajesh, S. & Chen, J. F. Centrifuge model tests on the deformation behavior of geosynthetic-encased stone column supported embankment under undrained condition. Geotext. Geomembr. 49(3), 550\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2020.11.003 (2020).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"34737_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2024.106949","volume":"178","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao, Y. et al. Performance and geocell-soil interaction of sand subgrade reinforced with high-density polyethylene, polyester, and polymer-blend geocells: 3D numerical studies. Comput. Geotech. 178, 106949. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compgeo.2024.106949 (2024).","journal-title":"Comput. Geotech."},{"key":"34737_CR19","unstructured":"Raithel, M. & Kempfert, H. G. Calculation models for dam foundations with geotextile coated sand columns. ISRM International Symposium  (2000). http:\/\/www.kup-geotechnik.de\/files\/2000_raithel_geoengmelbourne.pdf"},{"key":"34737_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang, L. & Zhao, M. Deformation analysis of Geotextile-Encased stone columns. Int. J. Geomech. 15(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000389 (2014).","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000389"},{"issue":"3","key":"34737_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2010.12.001","volume":"29","author":"J Castro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castro, J. & Sagaseta, C. Deformation and consolidation around encased stone columns. Geotext. Geomembr. 29(3), 268\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2010.12.001 (2011).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"issue":"1","key":"34737_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2010.06.005","volume":"29","author":"B Pulko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pulko, B., Majes, B. & Logar, J. Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: analytical calculation model. Geotext. Geomembr. 29(1), 29\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2010.06.005 (2010).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"issue":"4","key":"34737_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2024.01.001","volume":"52","author":"J Castro","year":"2024","unstructured":"Castro, J., Justo, J. & Miranda, M. An analytical solution for the settlement of encased stone columns beneath rigid footings. Geotext. Geomembr. 52(4), 451\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2024.01.001 (2024).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"key":"34737_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1139\/cgj-2023-0314","volume":"62","author":"X Yu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yu, X., Zheng, G., Zhou, H. & Ma, F. Analytical solutions for the stability of stone column-supported and geosynthetic-reinforced embankment. Can. Geotech. J. 62, 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/cgj-2023-0314 (2024).","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"34737_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.1610090404","volume":"9","author":"NP Balaam","year":"1985","unstructured":"Balaam, N. P. & Booker, J. R. Effect of stone column yield on settlement of rigid foundations in stabilized clay. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 9(4), 331\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nag.1610090404 (1985).","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech."},{"issue":"2","key":"34737_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2016.12.001","volume":"45","author":"J Castro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Castro, J. Groups of encased stone columns: influence of column length and arrangement. Geotext. Geomembr. 45(2), 68\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2016.12.001 (2017).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"issue":"2","key":"34737_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:2(205","volume":"111","author":"JK Mitchell","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mitchell, J. K. & Huber, T. R. Performance of a stone column foundation. J. Geotech. Eng. 111(2), 205\u2013223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(asce)0733-9410(1985)111:2(205 (1985).","journal-title":"J. Geotech. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"34737_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-007-9159-y","volume":"26","author":"H Elshazly","year":"2007","unstructured":"Elshazly, H., Elkasabgy, M. & Elleboudy, A. Effect of Inter-Column spacing on soil stresses due to Vibro-Installed stone columns: interesting findings. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 26(2), 225\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10706-007-9159-y (2007).","journal-title":"Geotech. Geol. Eng."},{"key":"34737_CR29","unstructured":"Kirsch, F. Vibro stone column installation and its effect on ground improvement. In Numerical modelling of construction processes in geotechnical engineering for urban environment  115\u2013124 (2006)."},{"key":"34737_CR30","unstructured":"Brinkgreve, R. & Broere, W. PLAXIS 3D Foundation Manual (Version 2) (PLAXIS BV, 2006)."},{"key":"34737_CR31","unstructured":"Ghionna, V. & Jamiolkowski, M. Colonne di ghiaia. In X Ciclo di conferenze dedicate ai problemi di meccanica dei terreni e ingegneria delle fondazioni metodi di miglioramento dei terreni (Vol. 507) (Politecnico di Torino, 1981)."},{"key":"34737_CR32","unstructured":"Raithel, M. Zum Trag- Und Verformungsverhalten Von Geokunststoffummantelten Sands\u00e4ulen (Heft 6). Schriftenreihe Geotechnik (Universit\u00e4t Gesamthochschule Kassel, 1999)."},{"issue":"8","key":"34737_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000316","volume":"136","author":"C Yoo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yoo, C. Performance of Geosynthetic-Encased stone columns in embankment construction: numerical investigation. J. Geotech. GeoEnviron. Eng. 136(8), 1148\u20131160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000316 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Geotech. GeoEnviron. Eng."},{"issue":"6","key":"34737_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1680\/jgein.15.00023","volume":"22","author":"I Hosseinpour","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hosseinpour, I., Almeida, M. S. S. & Riccio, M. Full-scale load test and finite-element analysis of soft ground improved by geotextile-encased granular columns. Geosynthetics Int. 22(6), 428\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1680\/jgein.15.00023 (2015).","journal-title":"Geosynthetics Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"34737_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrmge.2018.12.002","volume":"11","author":"I Hosseinpour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosseinpour, I., Soriano, C. & Almeida, M. S. S. A comparative study for the performance of encased granular columns. J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng. 11(2), 379\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrmge.2018.12.002 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng."},{"key":"34737_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.111291","volume":"156","author":"F Khaleel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khaleel, F. et al. Artificial intelligence-driven models for predicting mechanical properties of low-emission microwave-cured geopolymer mortar. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 156, 111291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.engappai.2025.111291 (2025).","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"34737_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maozhun, S. & Ji, L. Improved Garson algorithm based on neural network model. 2022 34th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) 4307\u20134312. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ccdc.2017.7979255","DOI":"10.1109\/ccdc.2017.7979255"},{"issue":"3","key":"34737_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2008.11.001","volume":"27","author":"J Gniel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gniel, J. & Bouazza, A. Improvement of soft soils using geogrid encased stone columns. Geotext. Geomembr. 27(3), 167\u2013175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2008.11.001 (2009).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"issue":"6","key":"34737_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2006.05.001","volume":"24","author":"S Murugesan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Murugesan, S. & Rajagopal, K. Geosynthetic-encased stone columns: numerical evaluation. Geotext. Geomembr. 24(6), 349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.geotexmem.2006.05.001 (2006).","journal-title":"Geotext. Geomembr."},{"issue":"7","key":"34737_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/nag.745","volume":"33","author":"J Castro","year":"2008","unstructured":"Castro, J. & Sagaseta, C. Consolidation around stone columns. Influence of column deformation. Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 33(7), 851\u2013877. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nag.745 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech."},{"key":"34737_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Almikati, A., Najjar, S. & Sadek, S. Large-Scale instrumented triaxial setup for investigating the response of soft clay reinforced with sand column groups. Int. J. Geomech. 21(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0002148 (2021).","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0002148"},{"issue":"1","key":"34737_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000187","volume":"136","author":"S Murugesan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Murugesan, S. & Rajagopal, K. Studies on the behavior of single and group of geosynthetic encased stone columns. J. Geotech. GeoEnviron. Eng. 136(1), 129\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0000187 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Geotech. GeoEnviron. Eng."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34737-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34737-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34737-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T09:23:57Z","timestamp":1770110637000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34737-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34737"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-34737-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4610"}}