{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:36:35Z","timestamp":1793756195250,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK10\/UPM\/02\/5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRGS\/1\/2018\/SKK10\/UPM\/02\/5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-34828-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T10:23:20Z","timestamp":1768904600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["In vitro release kinetics and in vivo plasma exposure of green tea polyphenols and caffeine from iron oxide chitosan nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Safaa","family":"Al Awawdeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Husna","family":"Shafie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirah Haziyah","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norhaizan","family":"Mohd Esa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Su Peng","family":"Loh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armania","family":"Nurdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"34828_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radeva-Ilieva, M., Stoeva, S. & Hvarchanova, N. &K.D. Georgiev. Green Tea: Current Knowledge and Issues. Foods. 14, (2025).","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14050745"},{"key":"34828_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-21-043","volume":"84","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Q. et al. Antimicrobial effect of tea polyphenols against foodborne pathogens: A review. J. Food. Prot. 84, 1801\u20131808 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Food. Prot."},{"key":"34828_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6010002","volume":"6","author":"S Saric","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saric, S., Notay, M. & Sivamani, R. K. Green tea and other tea polyphenols: effects on Sebum production and acne vulgaris. Antioxidants 6, 2 (2017).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"34828_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.04.021","volume":"105","author":"D Karas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Karas, D. & Ulrichov\u00e1, J. &K. Valentov\u00e1. Galloylation of polyphenols alters their biological activity. Food Chem. Toxicol. 105, 223\u2013240 (2017).","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"34828_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2021.12.011","volume":"11","author":"Z Yin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yin, Z. et al. Improving the stability and bioavailability of tea polyphenols by encapsulations: a review. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness. 11, 537\u2013556 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"34828_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043813","volume":"24","author":"T Lippolis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lippolis, T., Cofano, M., Caponio, G. R. & De Nunzio, V. &M. Notarnicola. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability of diet polyphenols and their modulation of gut microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24, 3813 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"34828_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.01.002","volume":"37","author":"O Krupkova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Krupkova, O. & Ferguson, S. J. Wuertz-Kozak. Stability of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate and its activity in liquid formulations and delivery systems. J. Nutr. Biochem. 37, 1\u201312 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"34828_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Z. Y. et al. Bioavailability of Tea Catechins and Its Improvement. Molecules. 23, 2346 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092346"},{"key":"34828_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B. & Kang, Z. &W. Yan. Synthesis, Stability, and Antidiabetic Activity Evaluation of (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Palmitate Derived from Natural Tea Polyphenols. Molecules. 26, 393 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26020393"},{"key":"34828_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.67.2317","volume":"67","author":"Y Konishi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Konishi, Y., Kobayashi, S. & Shimizu, M. Transepithelial transport of p-coumaric acid and Gallic acid in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 67, 2317\u20132324 (2003).","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"34828_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-014-1899-5","volume":"141","author":"H Fujiki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fujiki, H., Sueoka, E. & Watanabe, T. &M. Suganuma. Synergistic enhancement of anticancer effects on numerous human cancer cell lines treated with the combination of EGCG, other green tea catechins, and anticancer compounds. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 141, 1511\u20131522 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"34828_CR12","first-page":"100571","volume":"17","author":"C Qi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qi, C. et al. A comprehensive review of nano-delivery system for tea polyphenols: Construction, applications, and challenges. Food Chemistry: X. 17, 100571 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Chemistry: X"},{"key":"34828_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-nbt.2016.0147","volume":"11","author":"K Kulandaivelu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kulandaivelu, K. & Mandal, A. K. A. Improved bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of tea polyphenols by encapsulation into gelatin nanoparticles. IET Nanobiotechnol. 11, 469\u2013476 (2017).","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"34828_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112857","volume":"219","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, H. et al. Encapsulation of polyphenols in pH-responsive micelles self-assembled from octenyl-succinylated curdlan oligosaccharide and its effect on the gut microbiota. Colloids Surf., B. 219, 112857 (2022).","journal-title":"Colloids Surf., B"},{"key":"34828_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7691","volume":"96","author":"K Isteni\u010d","year":"2016","unstructured":"Isteni\u010d, K. & Cerc, R. Koro\u0161ec, &N. Poklar Ulrih. Encapsulation of (\u2013)-epigallocatechin gallate into liposomes and into alginate or Chitosan microparticles reinforced with liposomes. J. Sci. Food. Agric. 96, 4623\u20134632 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food. Agric."},{"key":"34828_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125697","volume":"247","author":"J An","year":"2023","unstructured":"An, J., Liu, M., Din, Z. & Xie, F. Cai. Toward function starch nanogels by self-assembly of polysaccharide and protein: from synthesis to potential for polyphenol delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 247, 125697 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"34828_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.susmat.2022.e00497","volume":"33","author":"M Grodzicka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grodzicka, M. et al. Heterofunctionalized polyphenolic dendrimers decorated with caffeic acid: Synthesis, characterization and antioxidant activity. Sustainable Mater. Technol. 33, e00497 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustainable Mater. Technol."},{"key":"34828_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB02688A","volume":"6","author":"X Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, X. et al. ROS-responsive capsules engineered from green tea polyphenol\u2013metal networks for anticancer drug delivery. J. Mater. Chem. B. 6, 1000\u20131010 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"34828_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, H. V. et al. Multifunctional iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: A review. Materials (Basel). 15, 503 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15020503"},{"key":"34828_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J. & Zhang, T. &J. Gao. Biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles for targeted cancer gene therapy: A review. Nanomaterials (Basel). 12, 3323 (2022).","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12193323"},{"key":"34828_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111970","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111970","volume":"142","author":"MC Di Santo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Santo, M. C., D\u2019 Antoni, C. L., Dom\u00ednguez Rubio, A. P., Alaimo, A. & P\u00e9rez, O. E. Chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles designed to encapsulate polyphenolic compounds for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications\u2009\u2013\u2009A review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 142, 111970 (2021).","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"34828_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106274","volume":"112","author":"Q Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li, Q. et al. Fabrication and characterization of Ca(II)-alginate-based beads combined with different polysaccharides as vehicles for delivery, release and storage of tea polyphenols. Food Hydrocoll. 112, 106274 (2021).","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"34828_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.21448\/ijsm.240697","volume":"3","author":"G Serdar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serdar, G., Demir, E., Bayrak, S. & &M. S\u00f6kmen. New approaches for effective microwave assisted extraction of caffeine and catechins from green tea. Int. J. Secondary Metabolite. 3, 3\u201313 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Secondary Metabolite"},{"key":"34828_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S126245","volume":"12","author":"F Barahuie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barahuie, F. et al. Sustained release of anticancer agent phytic acid from its chitosan-coated magnetic nanoparticles for drug-delivery system. Int. J. Nanomed. 12, 2361\u20132372 (2017).","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"34828_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24119","DOI":"10.1039\/C4RA01296H","volume":"4","author":"M Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Khan, M. et al. Pulicaria glutinosa plant extract: a green and eco-friendly reducing agent for the Preparation of highly reduced graphene oxide. RSC Adv. 4, 24119\u201324125 (2014).","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"34828_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asey, M. N. & Mohd Esa, N. &C.A. Che Abdullah. Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and MNP-Chitosan composites. Malaysian J. Sci. Health & Technology 4, 39-44 (2019).","DOI":"10.33102\/mjosht.v4i.83"},{"key":"34828_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchelak, A. & Olszewska, M. A. &A. Owczarek. Simultaneous quantification of thirty polyphenols in blackthorn flowers and dry extracts prepared thereof: HPLC-PDA method development and validation for quality control. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 184, 113121 (2020).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113121"},{"key":"34828_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Awawdeh, S. et al. Analytical method development for polyphenol detection in rat plasma using green Tea-Loaded Chitosan-Iron oxide Nanoparticles. BioNanoScience. 16, 69 (2025).","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-02289-4"},{"key":"34828_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117672","volume":"174","author":"SS Marques","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marques, S. S. &M.A. Segundo. Nanometrics goes beyond the size: assessment of nanoparticle concentration and encapsulation efficiency in nanocarriers. TRAC Trends Anal. Chem. 174, 117672 (2024).","journal-title":"TRAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"34828_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.166","volume":"165","author":"CE Echeverri-Cuartas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Echeverri-Cuartas, C. E. & Agudelo, N. A. Gartner. Chitosan-PEG-folate-Fe(III) complexes as nanocarriers of epigallocatechin\u20133\u2013gallate. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 165, 2909\u20132919 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"34828_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1039\/C3FO60702J","volume":"5","author":"M Minekus","year":"2014","unstructured":"Minekus, M. et al. A standardised static in vitro digestion method suitable for food \u2013 an international consensus. Food Funct. 5, 1113\u20131124 (2014).","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"34828_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.03.027","volume":"122","author":"A Dube","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dube, A., Ng, K. & Nicolazzo, J. A. &I. Larson. Effective use of reducing agents and nanoparticle encapsulation in stabilizing catechins in alkaline solution. Food Chem. 122, 662\u2013667 (2010).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"34828_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.01.006","volume":"42","author":"S Yan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yan, S. et al. Non-extractable polyphenols of green tea and their antioxidant, anti-\u03b1-glucosidase capacity, and release during in vitro digestion. J. Funct. Foods. 42, 129\u2013136 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"34828_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03451","volume":"6","author":"L Pourtalebi Jahromi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pourtalebi Jahromi, L., Ghazali, M. & Ashrafi, H. A. Azadi. A comparison of models for the analysis of the kinetics of drug release from PLGA-based nanoparticles. Heliyon 6, e03451 (2020).","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"34828_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.03.019","volume":"95","author":"J Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu, J., Webster, D., Cao, J. & Shao, A. The safety of green tea and green tea extract consumption in adults \u2013 Results of a systematic review. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 95, 412\u2013433 (2018).","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"34828_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.06.008","volume":"277","author":"W Dekant","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dekant, W., Fujii, K., Shibata, E. & Morita, O. &A. Shimotoyodome. Safety assessment of green tea based beverages and dried green tea extracts as nutritional supplements. Toxicol. Lett. 277, 104\u2013108 (2017).","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"34828_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidhu, A. & Verma, N. &P. Kaushal. Role of biogenic capping agents in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and evaluation of their therapeutic potential. Frontiers Nanotechnology 3, 801620 (2022).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.801620"},{"key":"34828_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023501","DOI":"10.1088\/1468-6996\/16\/2\/023501","volume":"16","author":"W Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu, W., Wu, Z., Yu, T. & Jiang, C. Kim. Recent progress on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, surface functional strategies and biomedical applications. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 16, 023501 (2015).","journal-title":"Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater."},{"key":"34828_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103196","volume":"70","author":"SA Sankaranarayanan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sankaranarayanan, S. A., Thomas, A., Revi, N. & Ramakrishna, B. &A.K. Rengan. Iron oxide nanoparticles for theranostic applications - Recent advances. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 70, 103196 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"34828_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yetisgin, A. A., Cetinel, S., Zuvin, M. & Kosar, A. &O. Kutlu. Therapeutic nanoparticles and their targeted delivery applications. Molecules 25, 2193 (2020).","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25092193"},{"key":"34828_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1134\/S1068162023050126","volume":"49","author":"M Nobahari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nobahari, M., Shahanipour, K. & Fatahian, S. &R. Monajemi. Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of loaded Catechin into iron oxide nanoparticles coated with sodium alginate and hydroxyapatite against human HT-29 colon adenocarcinoma and breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem. 49, 1049\u20131058 (2023).","journal-title":"Russ. J. Bioorg. Chem."},{"key":"34828_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8020083","volume":"8","author":"R Rosman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosman, R. et al. Improved anticancer effect of magnetite nanocomposite formulation of GALLIC acid (Fe3O4-PEG-GA) against Lung, breast and colon cancer cells. Nanomaterials 8, 83 (2018).","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"34828_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8100478","volume":"8","author":"MF Queiroz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Queiroz, M. F., Sabry, D. A., Sassaki, G. L. & Rocha, H. A. O. &L.S. Costa. Gallic Acid-Dextran conjugate: green synthesis of a novel antioxidant molecule. Antioxidants 8, 478 (2019).","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"34828_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17287","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c14373","volume":"19","author":"WQ Cai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cai, W. Q. et al. Reactive oxygen Species-Responsive polymer drug delivery system targeted oxidative stressed colon cells to ameliorate colitis. ACS Nano. 19, 17287\u201317308 (2025).","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"34828_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2022.121831","volume":"300","author":"Y Pan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pan, Y. et al. The interactions of polyphenols with Fe and their application in Fenton\/Fenton-like reactions. Sep. Purif. Technol. 300, 121831 (2022).","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"34828_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109909","volume":"104","author":"R Maity","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maity, R. et al. Gold nanoparticle-assisted enhancement in the anti-cancer properties of Theaflavin against human ovarian cancer cells. Mater. Sci. Engineering: C. 104, 109909 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Engineering: C"},{"key":"34828_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.135634","volume":"413","author":"WQ Cai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai, W. Q. et al. Synergistic effect of lecithin and alginate, CMC, or PVP in stabilizing Curcumin and its potential mechanism. Food Chem. 413, 135634 (2023).","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"34828_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012044","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/460\/1\/012044","volume":"460","author":"D Massella","year":"2018","unstructured":"Massella, D. et al. Preparation of bio-functional textiles by surface functionalization of cellulose fabrics with caffeine loaded nanoparticles. IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 460, 012044 (2018).","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"34828_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abosabaa, S. A., ElMeshad, A. N. & Arafa, M. G. Chitosan nanocarrier entrapping hydrophilic drugs as advanced polymeric system for dual pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical application: A comprehensive analysis using Box-Behnken design. Polymers (Basel) 13, 677 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13050677"},{"key":"34828_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.46542\/pe.2022.222.156159","volume":"22","author":"S Ledianasari","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ledianasari, S., Warya, Nurjayanti & S. Solubility improvement of Gallic acid in water through cocrystal formation with the solvent-drop grinding method and tartaric acid as co-former. Pharm. Educ. 22, 156\u2013159 (2022).","journal-title":"Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"34828_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1021\/je901097n","volume":"55","author":"K Srinivas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Srinivas, K. & Howard, K. J. W. L. &J. Monrad. Solubility of Gallic acid, Catechin, and Protocatechuic acid in subcritical water from (298.75 to 415.85) K. J. Chem. Eng. Data. 55, 3101\u20133108 (2010).","journal-title":"J. Chem. Eng. Data"},{"key":"34828_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2010.06.010","volume":"41","author":"A Dube","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dube, A. & Nicolazzo, J. A. &I. Larson. Chitosan nanoparticles enhance the intestinal absorption of the green tea catechins (+)-catechin and (\u2013)-epigallocatechin gallate. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 41, 219\u2013225 (2010).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"34828_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1080\/19476337.2018.1491625","volume":"16","author":"B Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, B., Wang, Y., Yu, Q. & Li, D. Li. Synthesis, characterization of catechin-loaded folate-conjugated Chitosan nanoparticles and their anti-proliferative effect. CyTA - J. Food. 16, 868\u2013876 (2018).","journal-title":"CyTA - J. Food"},{"key":"34828_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.12145","volume":"82","author":"A Javid","year":"2013","unstructured":"Javid, A., Ahmadian, S., Saboury, A. A. & Kalantar, S. M. Rezaei-Zarchi. Chitosan-Coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for doxorubicin delivery: synthesis and anticancer effect against human ovarian cancer cells. Chem. Biol. Drug Des. 82, 296\u2013306 (2013).","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"34828_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.08.008","volume":"47","author":"S Iraji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iraji, S. & Ganji, F. Rashidi. Surface modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles as sustained-release Gallic acid nano-carriers. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 47, 468\u2013476 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"34828_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147595","volume":"23","author":"M Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi, M. et al. Beneficial effects of Theaflavins on metabolic syndrome: from molecular evidence to gut Microbiome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 7595 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"34828_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.02.074","volume":"108","author":"R Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang, R. et al. Nano-encapsulation of Epigallocatechin gallate in the ferritin-chitosan double shells: simulated digestion and absorption evaluation. Food Res. Int. 108, 1\u20137 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"34828_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.143","volume":"203","author":"X Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, X., Zhou, P., Luo, Z., Feng, R. & Wang, L. Hohenbuehelia Serotina polysaccharides self-assembled nanoparticles for delivery of Quercetin and their anti-proliferative activities during Gastrointestinal digestion in vitro. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 203, 244\u2013255 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"34828_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.04.009","volume":"15","author":"B Hu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hu, B. et al. Polymer nanoparticles composed with Gallic acid grafted Chitosan and bioactive peptides combined antioxidant, anticancer activities and improved delivery property for labile polyphenols. J. Funct. Foods. 15, 593\u2013603 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"34828_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.05.038","volume":"111","author":"F Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li, F. et al. The simultaneous loading of Catechin and Quercetin on chitosan-based nanoparticles as effective antioxidant and antibacterial agent. Food Res. Int. 111, 351\u2013360 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"34828_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.04.012","volume":"101","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. Magnetic and self-healing chitosan-alginate hydrogel encapsulated gelatin microspheres via covalent cross-linking for drug delivery. Mater. Sci. Engineering: C. 101, 619\u2013629 (2019).","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Engineering: C"},{"key":"34828_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2018v10i4.25947","volume":"10","author":"A Hassan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hassan, A., Sahudin, S., Hussain, Z. & Hussain, M. Hussain. Self-assembled Chitosan nanoparticles for percutaneous delivery of caffeine: Preparation, characterization and in vitro release studies. Int. J. App Pharm. 10, 172\u2013185 (2018).","journal-title":"Int. J. App Pharm."},{"key":"34828_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123900","volume":"235","author":"V Manjusha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manjusha, V., Rajeev, M. R. & Anirudhan, T. S. Magnetic nanoparticle embedded chitosan-based polymeric network for the hydrophobic drug delivery of Paclitaxel. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 235, 123900 (2023).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"34828_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-016-1712-2","volume":"11","author":"D Dorniani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dorniani, D. et al. Graphene Oxide-Gallic acid nanodelivery system for cancer therapy. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11, 491 (2016).","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"34828_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.09.053","volume":"513","author":"NP Katuwavila","year":"2016","unstructured":"Katuwavila, N. P. et al. Alginate nanoparticles protect ferrous from oxidation: potential iron delivery system. Int. J. Pharm. 513, 404\u2013409 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"34828_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, N. A., Mandal, A. K. A. & Khan, Z. A. Fabrication of PLA-PEG Nanoparticles as Delivery Systems for Improved Stability and Controlled Release of Catechin. Journal of Nanomaterials. 2017, 6907149 (2017).","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6907149"},{"key":"34828_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.023","volume":"191","author":"M Ahmadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ahmadi, M., Pourmadadi, M., Ghorbanian, S. A. & Yazdian, F. Rashedi. Ultra pH-sensitive nanocarrier based on Fe2O3\/chitosan\/montmorillonite for Quercetin delivery. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 191, 738\u2013745 (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"34828_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118013","volume":"265","author":"TSA Lemos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lemos, T. S. A., de Souza, J. F. & Fajardo, A. R. Magnetic microspheres based on pectin coated by Chitosan towards smart drug release. Carbohydr. Polym. 265, 118013 (2021).","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"34828_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2016.1239540","volume":"38","author":"H Hodali","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hodali, H., Rawajfeh, R. & Allababdeh, N. Caffeine loading into Micro- and nanoparticles of mesoporous silicate materials: in vitro release kinetics. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 38, 1342\u20131347 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Dispers. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"34828_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327914NC3701_5","volume":"37","author":"S Kim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim, S. et al. Plasma and tissue levels of tea catechins in rats and mice during chronic consumption of green tea polyphenols. Nutr. Cancer. 37, 41\u201348 (2000).","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"34828_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.11.2885","volume":"131","author":"S Baba","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baba, S. et al. In vivo comparison of the bioavailability of (+)-Catechin, (\u2013)-Epicatechin and their mixture in orally administered rats. J. Nutr. 131, 2885\u20132891 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"34828_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-07-0058","volume":"6","author":"RA Lubet","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lubet, R. A. et al. Preventive effects of polyphenon E on urinary bladder and mammary cancers in rats and correlations with serum and urine levels of tea polyphenols. Mol. Cancer Ther. 6, 2022\u20132028 (2007).","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"34828_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.04.023","volume":"34","author":"P Puligundla","year":"2017","unstructured":"Puligundla, P., Mok, C., Ko, S. & Liang, J. &N. Recharla. Nanotechnological approaches to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of green tea polyphenols. J. Funct. Foods. 34, 139\u2013151 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods."},{"key":"34828_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2018.06.043","volume":"84","author":"P Chanphai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chanphai, P. & Tajmir-Riahi, H. A. Conjugation of tea catechins with Chitosan nanoparticles. Food Hydrocoll. 84, 561\u2013570 (2018).","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"34828_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.2174\/2210303109666190903161313","volume":"10","author":"L Saleh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saleh, L., Ragab, E. A., Abdelhakim, H. K. & Mohamed, S. H. &Z. Zakaria. Evaluation of anticancer activities of Gallic acid and tartaric acid vectorized on iron oxide nanoparticles. Drug Delivery Lett. 10, 123\u2013132 (2020).","journal-title":"Drug Delivery Lett."},{"key":"34828_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.1c07382","volume":"70","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Zheng, T., Jin, W. & Shi, Y. Huang. Enhancing intestinal permeability of Theaflavin-3,3\u2032-digallate by Chitosan\u2013Caseinophosphopeptides nanocomplexes. J. Agric. Food Chem. 70, 2029\u20132041 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"34828_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134815","volume":"408","author":"H Peng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Peng, H. &F. Shahidi. Oxidation and degradation of (epi)gallocatechin gallate (EGCG\/GCG) and (epi)catechin gallate (ECG\/CG) in alkali solution. Food Chem. 408, 134815 (2022).","journal-title":"Food Chem."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34828-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34828-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34828-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T12:04:19Z","timestamp":1770638659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-34828-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["34828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-34828-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5438"}}