{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T20:12:09Z","timestamp":1792613529483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85189-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T15:12:24Z","timestamp":1735917144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Assessment of choroidal vessels in healthy eyes using 3-dimensional vascular maps and a semi-automated deep learning approach"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nicola","family":"Valsecchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elli","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Nasar","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasiq","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep Chandra","family":"Bollepalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumit Randhir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Alain","family":"Sahel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran Kumar","family":"Vupparaboina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Chhablani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"85189_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100994","volume":"87","author":"J Brinks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brinks, J. et al. Exploring the choroidal vascular labyrinth and its molecular and structural roles in health and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res. 87, 100994. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2021.100994 (2022).","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"85189_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002","volume":"29","author":"DL Nickla","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nickla, D. L. & Wallman, J. THE MULTIFUNCTIONAL CHOROID. Prog Retin Eye Res. 29 (2), 144\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2009.12.002 (2010).","journal-title":"Prog Retin Eye Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"85189_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.066","volume":"120","author":"LA Branchini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Branchini, L. A. et al. Analysis of choroidal morphologic features and vasculature in healthy eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 120 (9), 1901\u20131908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2013.01.066 (2013).","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"3","key":"85189_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.11.002","volume":"64","author":"SR Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh, S. R., Vupparaboina, K. K., Goud, A., Dansingani, K. K. & Chhablani, J. Choroidal imaging biomarkers. Surv. Ophthalmol. 64 (3), 312\u2013333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2018.11.002 (2019).","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"2","key":"85189_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020595","volume":"9","author":"C Iovino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Iovino, C. et al. Choroidal Vascularity Index: an In-Depth analysis of this Novel Optical Coherence Tomography parameter. J. Clin. Med. 9 (2), 595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm9020595 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"85189_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21090","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21090","volume":"6","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agrawal, R. et al. Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study. Sci. Rep. 6, 21090. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep21090 (2016).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"85189_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672119883593","volume":"31","author":"SR Singh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Singh, S. R. et al. En-face choroidal vascularity map of the macula in healthy eyes. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 31 (1), 218\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1120672119883593 (2021).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"85189_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311586","volume":"103","author":"C Ung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ung, C. et al. Evaluation of choroidal lesions with swept-source optical coherence tomography. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 103 (1), 88\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-311586 (2019).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"7","key":"85189_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"071412","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.7.071412","volume":"19","author":"W Drexler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Drexler, W. et al. Optical coherence tomography today: speed, contrast, and multimodality. J. Biomed. Opt. 19 (7), 071412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117\/1.JBO.19.7.071412 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"issue":"8","key":"85189_CR10","first-page":"2162","volume":"62","author":"KK Vupparaboina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vupparaboina, K. K. et al. Automated choroid layer segmentation based on wide-field SS-OCT images using deep residual encoder-decoder architecture. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 62 (8), 2162 (2021).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"85189_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13298","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49816-4","volume":"9","author":"J Kugelman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kugelman, J. et al. Automatic choroidal segmentation in OCT images using supervised deep learning methods. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 13298. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-49816-4 (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"85189_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39795-x","volume":"9","author":"S Masood","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masood, S. et al. Automatic choroid layer segmentation from Optical Coherence Tomography images using deep learning. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 3058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-39795-x (2019).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"85189_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.2.38","volume":"11","author":"HJ Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, H. J. et al. Application of Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning for Choroid Segmentation in Myopia. Transl Vis. Sci. Technol. 11 (2), 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/tvst.11.2.38 (2022).","journal-title":"Transl Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"85189_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2022.102086","volume":"99","author":"MN Ibrahim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ibrahim, M. N. et al. Volumetric quantification of choroid and Haller\u2019s sublayer using OCT scans: an accurate and unified approach based on stratified smoothing. Comput. Med. Imaging Graph. 99, 102086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compmedimag.2022.102086 (2022).","journal-title":"Comput. Med. Imaging Graph."},{"issue":"3","key":"85189_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742","volume":"36","author":"KK Dansingani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dansingani, K. K. et al. Retina ;36(3):499\u2013516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000742 (2016).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"9","key":"85189_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001040","volume":"36","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Agrawal, R. et al. CHOROIDAL VASCULARITY INDEX IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY. Retina 36 (9), 1646\u20131651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001040 (2016).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"85189_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967369","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.967369","volume":"9","author":"Q Zeng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zeng, Q. et al. Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index in central serous chorioretinopathy using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 9, 967369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2022.967369 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"85189_CR18","unstructured":"Accurate Detection of 3D Choroidal Vasculature Using Swept-Source OCT Volumetric Scans Based on Phansalkar Thresholding.html. Accessed April 19. (2024). https:\/\/bhiconference.github.io\/BHI2023\/2023\/1570919296.html"},{"issue":"13","key":"85189_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.13.39","volume":"65","author":"E Sadeghi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sadeghi, E. et al. Three-Dimensional Choroidal vessels Assessment in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 65 (13), 39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.65.13.39 (2024).","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"85189_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-019-04524-7","volume":"258","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, J., Wang, E., Yuan, M. & Chen, Y. Three-dimensional choroidal vascularity index in acute central serous chorioretinopathy using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 258 (2), 241\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00417-019-04524-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"3","key":"85189_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001571","volume":"38","author":"J Ruiz-Medrano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ruiz-Medrano, J. et al. Retina ;38(3):508\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001571 (2018).","journal-title":"Retina"},{"issue":"4","key":"85189_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-323224","volume":"108","author":"M Xuan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xuan, M. et al. Distribution and determinants of choroidal vascularity index in healthy eyes from deep-learning choroidal analysis: a population-based SS-OCT study. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 108 (4), 546\u2013551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bjo-2023-323224 (2024).","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"2","key":"85189_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100033","volume":"1","author":"Y Mori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mori, Y. et al. Distribution of Choroidal Thickness and Choroidal Vessel Dilation in healthy Japanese individuals. Ophthalmol. Sci. 1 (2), 100033. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xops.2021.100033 (2021).","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"85189_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.005","volume":"159","author":"S Sonoda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sonoda, S. et al. Luminal and stromal areas of choroid determined by binarization method of optical coherence tomographic images. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 159 (6), 1123\u20131131e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2015.03.005 (2015).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"85189_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11904","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38845-9","volume":"13","author":"M Hirano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hirano, M. et al. Analysis of widefield choroidal thickness maps of healthy eyes using swept source optical coherence tomography. Sci. Rep. 13 (1), 11904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-38845-9 (2023).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85189_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783519","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.783519","volume":"8","author":"R Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie, R., Qiu, B., Chhablani, J. & Zhang, X. Evaluation of Choroidal Thickness using Optical Coherent Tomography: a review. Front. Med. (Lausanne). 8, 783519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2021.783519 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Med. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"85189_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.3.38","volume":"61","author":"S Touhami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Touhami, S. et al. Topographic variations of Choroidal Thickness in healthy eyes on swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 61 (3), 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1167\/iovs.61.3.38 (2020).","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"85189_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0144156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0144156","volume":"10","author":"Y Wakatsuki","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wakatsuki, Y., Shinojima, A., Kawamura, A. & Yuzawa, M. Correlation of Aging and Segmental Choroidal Thickness Measurement using swept source optical coherence tomography in healthy eyes. PLoS One. 10 (12), e0144156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0144156 (2015).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"85189_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.07.015","volume":"155","author":"I Flores-Moreno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flores-Moreno, I., Lugo, F., Duker, J. S. & Ruiz-Moreno, J. M. The relationship between axial length and Choroidal thickness in eyes with high myopia. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 155 (2), 314\u2013319e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.07.015 (2013).","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"5","key":"85189_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e358","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12059","volume":"91","author":"L Yang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yang, L., Jonas, J. B. & Wei, W. Choroidal vessel diameter in central serous chorioretinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol. 91 (5), e358\u2013362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aos.12059 (2013).","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85189-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85189-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85189-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T16:05:11Z","timestamp":1735920311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85189-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-85189-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"All participants gave written informed consent. The study was approved by the local ethics committee. The patients did not receive any financial compensation for their participation. The patients were advised that the data collected were used for scientific purposes and they gave their consent for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"714"}}