{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:30:30Z","timestamp":1792791030684,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Israel Ministry of Defense - Directorate of Defense Research & Development","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04wxm6g36","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>During flight, spatial disorientation (SD) commonly occurs when a pilot\u2019s perception conflicts with the aircraft\u2019s actual motion, attitude, or position. A prevalent form of SD is the somatogyral illusion, which is elicited by constant speed rotation and causes a false perception of motion in the opposite direction when the rotation ceases. This research aimed to investigate changes in brain activity that occur when experiencing a somatogyral illusion by simulating conditions closely mimicking flight conditions to gain insight into how to better manage this illusion during flight. In the study, 23 volunteers were isolated from external stimuli to promote somatogyral illusion induction while seated in a Barany (rotating) chair. The study employed electroencephalogram (EEG) and eye-tracking glasses to monitor brain activity and eye movements, respectively. Participants reported their perceived motion direction using a joystick, allowing us to compare a reference condition to that of the illusion. Results indicate a significant decrease (34%) in theta power (4\u20137.5\u00a0Hz) over the left frontal region during the illusion, complemented by the occurrence of nystagmus in 72% of the trials. These findings align with previous studies linking SD and theta band changes, suggesting implications for EEG-based identification of SD in flight.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85219-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T01:50:52Z","timestamp":1736560252000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Reduction in EEG theta power as a potential marker for spatial disorientation during flight"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gil","family":"Geva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nir","family":"Getter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Blecher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oded","family":"Ben-Ari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barak","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idan","family":"Nakdimon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Shriki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"85219_CR1","first-page":"1244","volume":"77","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wickens, C. D. et al. Rotation Rate and Duration effects on the Somatogyral Illusion. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 77, 1244\u20131251 (2006).","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"85219_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.3048.2011","volume":"82","author":"R Gibb","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gibb, R., Ercoline, B. & Scharff, L. Spatial disorientation: decades of pilot fatalities. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 82, 717\u2013724 (2011).","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"85219_CR3","first-page":"11","volume":"74","author":"B Cheung","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cheung, B. & Hofer, K. Eye tracking, point of gaze, and performance degradation during disorientation. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 74, 11\u201320 (2003).","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"85219_CR4","first-page":"256","volume":"70","author":"O Tokumaru","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tokumaru, O., Kaida, K., Ashida, H., Yoneda, I. & Tatsuno, J. EEG topographical analysis of spatial disorientation. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 70, 256\u2013263 (1999).","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"85219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.13075\/ijomeh.1896.01621","volume":"33","author":"R Lewkowicz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lewkowicz, R. & Biernacki, M. P. A survey of spatial disorientation incidence in Polish military pilots. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health. 33, 791\u2013810 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health"},{"key":"85219_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3357\/AMHP.5446.2020","volume":"91","author":"HJM Pennings","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pennings, H. J. M., Oprins, E. A. P. B., Wittenberg, H., Houben, M. M. J. & Groen, E. L. Spatial Disorientation Survey among Military pilots. Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform. 91, 4\u201310 (2020).","journal-title":"Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform."},{"key":"85219_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-7648-2-2","volume":"2","author":"JRR Stott","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stott, J. R. R. Orientation and disorientation in aviation. Extreme Physiol. Med. 2, 2 (2013).","journal-title":"Extreme Physiol. Med."},{"key":"85219_CR8","unstructured":"Heinle, M. T. E. & Ercoline, M. W. R. Spatial Disorientation: Causes, Consequences and Countermeasures for the USAF."},{"key":"85219_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1977.sp011955","volume":"270","author":"B Cohen","year":"1977","unstructured":"Cohen, B., Matsuo, V. & Raphan, T. Quantitative analysis of the velocity characteristics of optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus. J. Physiol. 270, 321\u2013344 (1977).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"85219_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00236613","volume":"35","author":"T Raphan","year":"1979","unstructured":"Raphan, T., Matsuo, V. & Cohen, B. Velocity storage in the vestibulo-ocular reflex arc (VOR). Exp. Brain Res. 35, 229\u2013248 (1979).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"85219_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649262","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.649262","volume":"15","author":"A Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez, A. & Bu\u00f1o, W. The Theta Rhythm of the Hippocampus: from neuronal and Circuit mechanisms to Behavior. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 15, 649262 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"85219_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.06.022","volume":"2","author":"ME Hasselmo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hasselmo, M. E. & Stern, C. E. Theta rhythm and the encoding and retrieval of space and time. NeuroImage 85 Pt. 2, 656\u2013666 (2014).","journal-title":"NeuroImage 85 Pt"},{"key":"85219_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2004.01.018","volume":"97","author":"JP Lachaux","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lachaux, J. P., Rudrauf, D. & Kahane, P. Intracranial EEG and human brain mapping. J. Physiol. Paris. 97, 613\u2013628 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Paris"},{"key":"85219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesche, C. D. & Karhu, J. Theta oscillations index human hippocampal activation during a working memory task. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 97, 919\u2013924 (2000).","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.2.919"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"85219_CR15","first-page":"S1115","volume":"26","author":"Y Li","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li, Y. et al. EEG functional network properties related to visually induced unrecognized spatial disorientation. Biomed. Mater. Eng. 26 (Suppl 1), S1115\u20131124 (2015).","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"85219_CR16","unstructured":"Dong et al. Certain brain rhythms coordinate cognitive map in human spatial navigation. Sci. Adv. 7, (2021)."},{"key":"85219_CR17","unstructured":"Berger Memory recall and spatial navigation elicit similar electrical activity in brain. Penn Neurosci. (2019)."},{"key":"85219_CR18","unstructured":"Davis, J. R., Johnson, R., Stepanek, J. & Fogarty, J. A. Fundamentals Aerosp. Med. (2011)."},{"key":"85219_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2595-1","volume":"210","author":"LR Young","year":"2011","unstructured":"Young, L. R. Optimal estimator models for spatial orientation and vestibular nystagmus. Exp. Brain Res. 210, 465\u2013476 (2011).","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"85219_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.8.1646","volume":"124","author":"M Guerraz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Guerraz, M. et al. Visual vertigo: symptom assessment, spatial orientation and postural control. Brain 124, 1646\u20131656 (2001).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"85219_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3357\/ASEM.2173.2009","volume":"80","author":"CT Horng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Horng, C. T. et al. Changes in visual function during the Coriolis illusion. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 80, 360\u2013363 (2009).","journal-title":"Aviat. Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"85219_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3304","volume":"16","author":"G Buzs\u00e1ki","year":"2013","unstructured":"Buzs\u00e1ki, G. & Moser, E. I. Memory, navigation and theta rhythm in the hippocampal-entorhinal system. Nat. Neurosci. 16, 130\u2013138 (2013).","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"85219_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fninf.2015.00016","volume":"9","author":"N Bigdely-Shamlo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bigdely-Shamlo, N., Mullen, T., Kothe, C., Su, K. M. & Robbins, K. A. The PREP pipeline: standardized preprocessing for large-scale EEG analysis. Front. Neuroinformatics. 9, 16 (2015).","journal-title":"Front. Neuroinformatics"},{"key":"85219_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024","volume":"164","author":"E Maris","year":"2007","unstructured":"Maris, E. & Oostenveld, R. Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG- and MEG-data. J. Neurosci. Methods. 164, 177\u2013190 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"85219_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramfort, A. MEG and EEG data analysis with MNE-Python. Front. Neurosci. 7, (2013).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2013.00267"},{"key":"85219_CR26","unstructured":"Stephens, M. S. Electroneurophysiologic Diagnosis of Aircraft Pilot Spatial Disorientation (Wright State University, 2003)."},{"key":"85219_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/21645","volume":"399","author":"MJ Kahana","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kahana, M. J., Sekuler, R., Caplan, J. B., Kirschen, M. & Madsen, J. R. Human theta oscillations exhibit task dependence during virtual maze navigation. Nature 399, 781\u2013784 (1999).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"85219_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20109","volume":"15","author":"AD Ekstrom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ekstrom, A. D. et al. Human hippocampal theta activity during virtual navigation. Hippocampus 15, 881\u2013889 (2005).","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"issue":"1","key":"85219_CR29","first-page":"20501","volume":"64","author":"R Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, R., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., Peli, E. & Hwang, A. D. A pilot study on EEG-Based evaluation of visually Induced Motion Sickness. J. Imaging Sci. Technol. 64 (1-), 20501 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Imaging Sci. Technol."},{"key":"85219_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1080\/00207450701239459","volume":"118","author":"JR Park","year":"2008","unstructured":"Park, J. R. et al. Long-term study of simulator sickness: differences in EEG response due to individual sensitivity. Int. J. Neurosci. 118, 857\u2013865 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"85219_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(98)00056-3","volume":"29","author":"W Klimesch","year":"1999","unstructured":"Klimesch, W. EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 29, 169\u2013195 (1999).","journal-title":"Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"85219_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2004.06.002","volume":"35","author":"BC Min","year":"2004","unstructured":"Min, B. C., Chung, S. C., Min, Y. K. & Sakamoto, K. Psychophysiological evaluation of simulator sickness evoked by a graphic simulator. Appl. Ergon. 35, 549\u2013556 (2004).","journal-title":"Appl. Ergon."},{"key":"85219_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20116","volume":"15","author":"ME Hasselmo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hasselmo, M. E. What is the function of hippocampal theta rhythm?--Linking behavioral data to phasic properties of field potential and unit recording data. Hippocampus 15, 936\u2013949 (2005).","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"85219_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(02)00057-6","volume":"15","author":"ME Hasselmo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hasselmo, M. E., Hay, J., Ilyn, M. & Gorchetchnikov, A. Neuromodulation, theta rhythm and rat spatial navigation. Neural Netw. Off J. Int. Neural Netw. Soc. 15, 689\u2013707 (2002).","journal-title":"Neural Netw. Off J. Int. Neural Netw. Soc."},{"key":"85219_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(99)01396-0","volume":"3","author":"J O\u2019Keefe","year":"1999","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe, J. & Burgess, N. Theta activity, virtual navigation and the human hippocampus. Trends Cogn. Sci. 3, 403\u2013406 (1999).","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"85219_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.22124","volume":"23","author":"AJ Watrous","year":"2013","unstructured":"Watrous, A. J. et al. A comparative study of human and rat hippocampal low-frequency oscillations during spatial navigation. Hippocampus 23, 656\u2013661 (2013).","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"85219_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20937","volume":"22","author":"BC Lega","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lega, B. C., Jacobs, J. & Kahana, M. Human hippocampal theta oscillations and the formation of episodic memories. Hippocampus 22, 748\u2013761 (2012).","journal-title":"Hippocampus"},{"key":"85219_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-010-9130-y","volume":"22","author":"P Antonenko","year":"2010","unstructured":"Antonenko, P., Pasha, Paas, F., Grabner, R. & Gog, T. Using Electroencephalography to measure cognitive load. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 22, 425\u2013438 (2010).","journal-title":"Educ. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"85219_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00191","volume":"13","author":"N Friedman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Friedman, N., Fekete, T., Gal, K. & Shriki, O. EEG-Based prediction of cognitive load in intelligence tests. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 13, 191 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"85219_CR40","first-page":"347","volume":"79","author":"SE Kober","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kober, S. E. & Neuper, C. Sex differences in human EEG theta oscillations during spatial navigation in virtual reality. Int. J. Psychophysiol. Off J. Int. Organ. Psychophysiol. 79, 347\u2013355 (2011).","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol. Off J. Int. Organ. Psychophysiol."}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85219-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85219-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85219-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]],"date-time":"2025-01-11T02:02:59Z","timestamp":1736560979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85219-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-85219-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3160076\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1682"}}