{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:22:17Z","timestamp":1787066537807,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85448-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T13:11:09Z","timestamp":1737119469000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring technology acceptance of flight simulation training devices and augmented reality in general aviation pilot training"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Syed A. Q.","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umair","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Moncion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"85448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5206","DOI":"10.3390\/s23115206","volume":"23","author":"MEE Alahi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alahi, M. E. E. et al. Integration of IoT-enabled technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) for smart city scenario: Recent advancements and future trends. Sensors. 23(11), 5206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23115206 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"issue":"3","key":"85448_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.3390\/s23031639","volume":"23","author":"A Bourechak","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bourechak, A. et al. At the confluence of artificial intelligence and edge computing in IoT-based applications: A review and new perspectives. Sensors. 23(3), 1639. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s23031639 (2023).","journal-title":"Sensors."},{"key":"85448_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Garg D, Patel B, Patel R, Jani R. Spatial Computing: Next Big Thing of Physical and Digital World. In: Kumar A, Senatore S, Gunjan VK, eds. ICDSMLA 2021. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature, Cham; 2023:211\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-981-19-5936-3_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-19-5936-3_20"},{"key":"85448_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nair MM, Tyagi AK. Chapter 11 - AI, IoT, blockchain, and cloud computing: The necessity of the future. In: Pandey R, Goundar S, Fatima S, eds. Distributed Computing to Blockchain. Academic Press; 2023:189\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-96146-2.00001-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-96146-2.00001-2"},{"key":"85448_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003388319","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: An Intelligent Perspective of Emerging Technologies","author":"R Tanwar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tanwar, R., Bhatia, S., Sapra, V. & Ahuja, N. J. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: An Intelligent Perspective of Emerging Technologies (CRC Press, UK, 2023)."},{"issue":"1065","key":"85448_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001924000018261","volume":"106","author":"DJ Allerton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Allerton, D. J. The case for flight simulation in general aviation. Aeronaut. J. 106(1065), 607\u2013612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0001924000018261 (2002).","journal-title":"Aeronaut. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1177\/1541931218621406","volume":"62","author":"Q Berendschot","year":"2018","unstructured":"Berendschot, Q., Ortiz, Y., Blickensderfer, B., Simonson, R. & DeFilippis, N. How to improve general aviation weather training: Challenges and recommendations for designing computer-based simulation weather training scenarios. Proc. Hum. Factors Ergonom. Soc. Ann. Meeting. 62(1), 1792\u20131795. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1541931218621406 (2018).","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Ergonom. Soc. Ann. Meeting."},{"key":"85448_CR8","unstructured":"Hon. A. Sgro J. Supporting Canada\u2019s Flight Schools, Report of the Standing Committee on Transport, Infrastructure and Communities. House of Commons of Canada; 2019. Accessed March 2, 2024. https:\/\/www.ourcommons.ca\/DocumentViewer\/en\/42-1\/TRAN\/report-29\/page-57"},{"issue":"2","key":"85448_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/air2020010","volume":"2","author":"S Kearns","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kearns, S., Rizvi, S. A. Q. & Cao, S. Quantifying the environmental impact of private and commercial pilot license training in Canada. Air. 2(2), 162\u2013177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/air2020010 (2024).","journal-title":"Air."},{"key":"85448_CR10","volume-title":"Competency-Based Education in Aviation: Exploring Alternate Training Pathways","author":"TJ Mavin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mavin, T. J., Kearns, S. K. & Hodge, S. Competency-Based Education in Aviation: Exploring Alternate Training Pathways (Routledge, London, 2017)."},{"key":"85448_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2024.2395409","volume":"24","author":"SA Rizvi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rizvi, S. A., Moncion, B. & Cao, S. Exploring perceptions of pilot licensing and training standards: A survey of Canadian student and licensed pilots. Ergonomics. 24, 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00140139.2024.2395409 (2024).","journal-title":"Ergonomics."},{"issue":"2","key":"85448_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/10508414.2014.892762","volume":"24","author":"A Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor, A., Dixon-Hardy, D. W. & Wright, S. J. Simulation training in UK general aviation: An undervalued aid to reducing loss of control accidents. Int. J. Aviation Psychol. 24(2), 141\u2013152 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviation Psychol."},{"key":"85448_CR13","volume-title":"Human Factors in Simulation and Training: Theory and Methods","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vincenzi, D. A. et al. (eds) Human Factors in Simulation and Training: Theory and Methods 2nd edn. (CRC Press, UK, 2023).","edition":"2"},{"key":"85448_CR14","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Glossary v1.2 (20130807\u2014All Documents). International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); 2013. Accessed March 19, 2024. https:\/\/www.icao.int\/dataplus_archive\/Documents\/Forms\/AllItems.aspx?RootFolder=%2fdataplus%5farchive%2fDocuments%2f20130807&FolderCTID=0x012000EDBC761F38436544BA99460CDADADABD"},{"key":"85448_CR15","volume-title":"Fundamentals of International Aviation","author":"SK Kearns","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kearns, S. K. Fundamentals of International Aviation 2nd edn. (Routledge, UK, 2021).","edition":"2"},{"key":"85448_CR16","volume-title":"Airworthiness: An Introduction to Aircraft Certification and Operations","author":"FD Florio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Florio, F. D. Airworthiness: An Introduction to Aircraft Certification and Operations 3rd edn. (Butterworth-Heinemann, UK, 2016).","edition":"3"},{"key":"85448_CR17","unstructured":"Transport Canada. Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Aeronautics Act R.S.C., 1985, c. A-2 (Canadian Aviation Regulations). Published online Oct. 31, 2023. Accessed Nov. 25, 2023. https:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/acts\/a-2\/fulltext.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR18","first-page":"13","volume":"2","author":"S Bek\u00f6z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bek\u00f6z, S. & Akteke, H. The direct impact of a flight simulation training device on student pilot\u2019s flight training\u202f: A survey. JCivilAvia. 2(1), 13\u201319 (2022).","journal-title":"JCivilAvia."},{"issue":"3","key":"85448_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0803_6","volume":"8","author":"KA Dennis","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dennis, K. A. & Harris, D. Computer-based simulation as an adjunct to ab initio flight training. Int. J. Aviation Psychol. 8(3), 261\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327108ijap0803_6 (1998).","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviation Psychol."},{"key":"85448_CR20","first-page":"357","volume":"20","author":"I Koglbauer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Koglbauer, I. Simulator training improves pilots\u2019 procedural memory and generalization of behavior in critical flight situations. Cognition Brain Behav. Interdiscip. J. 20, 357\u2013366 (2016).","journal-title":"Cognition Brain Behav. Interdiscip. J."},{"key":"85448_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L Reweti S, Gilbey A, Jeffrey L. Efficacy of Low-Cost PC-Based Aviation Training Devices. JITE Research. 2017;16:127\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.28945\/3682","DOI":"10.28945\/3682"},{"issue":"6","key":"85448_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720818779928","volume":"60","author":"A Landman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Landman, A. et al. Training pilots for unexpected events: A simulator study on the advantage of unpredictable and variable scenarios. Hum. Fact. 60(6), 793\u2013805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0018720818779928 (2018).","journal-title":"Hum. Fact."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"85448_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1080\/10508414.2016.1235364","volume":"26","author":"GMT McLean","year":"2016","unstructured":"McLean, G. M. T., Lambeth, S. & Mavin, T. The use of simulation in ab initio pilot training. Int. J. Aviation Psychol. 26(1\u20132), 36\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10508414.2016.1235364 (2016).","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviation Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2426","DOI":"10.55908\/sdgs.v12i1.2426","volume":"12","author":"H Prayitno","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prayitno, H., Cholik, M., Anifah, L., Wardhono, A. & Wicaksono, P. Improving pilot competence through flying practice learning using flight simulator at the indonesia civil pilot academy of Banyuwangi. J. Law Sustain. Dev. 12(1), e2426 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Law Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"85448_CR25","unstructured":"Canada T. Human Factors for Aviation Basic Handbook. Transport Canada; 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR26","first-page":"52","volume":"72","author":"G Li","year":"2001","unstructured":"Li, G., Baker, S. P., Grabowski, J. G. & Rebok, G. W. Factors associated with pilot error in aviation crashes. Aviat Space Environ Med. 72(1), 52\u201358 (2001).","journal-title":"Aviat Space Environ Med."},{"key":"85448_CR27","unstructured":"Shively J. If Human Error Is the Cause of Most Aviation Accidents, Then Shouldn\u2019t We Remove the Human? Ames Research Center\u2014NASA; 2013. Accessed Oct. 9, 2024. https:\/\/ntrs.nasa.gov\/citations\/20190001065"},{"key":"85448_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315263878","author":"DA Wiegmann","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wiegmann, D. A. & Shappell, S. A. A human error approach to aviation accident analysis: The human factors analysis and classification system. Routledge https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781315263878 (2016).","journal-title":"Routledge"},{"key":"85448_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315243092","volume-title":"Simulation in Aviation Training","author":"F Jentsch","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jentsch, F. & Curtis, M. Simulation in Aviation Training (Routledge, UK, 2017)."},{"key":"85448_CR30","first-page":"35","volume":"35","author":"T Balcerzak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balcerzak, T. & Kostur, K. Flight simulation in civil aviation: Advantages and disadvantages. Eur. J. Maritime Aeronaut. Navigation Law. 35, 35\u201368 (2018).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Maritime Aeronaut. Navigation Law."},{"key":"85448_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Dattel AR, Babin AK, Wang H. Chapter 9 - Human factors of flight training and simulation. In: Keebler JR, Lazzara EH, Wilson KA, Blickensderfer EL, eds. Human Factors in Aviation and Aerospace (Third Edition). Academic Press; 2023:217\u2013255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-420139-2.00012-5","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-420139-2.00012-5"},{"key":"85448_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315255217","volume-title":"Flight Simulation: Virtual Environments in Aviation","author":"AT Lee","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lee, A. T. Flight Simulation: Virtual Environments in Aviation (Routledge, UK, 2017)."},{"issue":"1162","key":"85448_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1017\/S0001924000004231","volume":"114","author":"DJ Allerton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Allerton, D. J. The impact of flight simulation in aerospace. Aeronaut. J. 114(1162), 747\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0001924000004231 (2010).","journal-title":"Aeronaut. J."},{"key":"85448_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramann K, Fairclough SH, Zander TO, Ayaz H. Trends in Neuroergonomics: A Comprehensive Overview. Frontiers Media SA; 2017.","DOI":"10.3389\/978-2-88945-203-3"},{"key":"85448_CR35","unstructured":"Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC). Regulations & Policies. Published online September 20, 2005. Accessed Oct. 9, 2024. https:\/\/www.caac.gov.cn\/English\/Regulations\/CCAR\/"},{"key":"85448_CR36","unstructured":"Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). CAP 804: Flight Crew Licensing | Civil Aviation Authority. Published online Apr 8, 2015. Accessed Oct 9, 2024. https:\/\/www.caa.co.uk\/our-work\/publications\/documents\/content\/cap-804\/"},{"key":"85448_CR37","unstructured":"European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Aircrew Regulations | EASA. Published online Nov 3, 2011. Accessed Oct 9, 2024. https:\/\/www.easa.europa.eu\/en\/regulations\/aircrew"},{"key":"85448_CR38","unstructured":"Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors. Published online Apr 4, 1997. Accessed Oct 9, 2024. https:\/\/www.ecfr.gov\/current\/title-14\/part-61"},{"key":"85448_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marques E, Junior GC, Campbell C, Lohmann G. Exploring the adoption of desktop simulators in pilot training: An ethnographic approach. ASCILITE Publications. 2022:e22134-e22134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14742\/apubs.2022.134","DOI":"10.14742\/apubs.2022.134"},{"key":"85448_CR40","unstructured":"Slutsken H. Sims for schools: The value of flight simulators. Skies Mag\u2014MHM Publishing Inc. Published online Oct 3, 2019. Accessed Oct 12, 2024. https:\/\/skiesmag.com\/features\/sims-for-schools\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s42405-021-00358-y","volume":"22","author":"J Vidakovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vidakovic, J., Lazarevic, M., Kvrgic, V., Vasovic Maksimovic, I. & Rakic, A. Flight simulation training devices: Application, classification, and research. Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci. 22(4), 874\u2013885. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42405-021-00358-y (2021).","journal-title":"Int. J. Aeronaut. Space Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-022-00707-1","volume":"24","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou, Y. et al. The effect of working memory training on situation awareness in a flight simulator. Cogn. Technol. Work. 24(4), 667\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10111-022-00707-1 (2022).","journal-title":"Cogn. Technol. Work."},{"key":"85448_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78642-7_78","volume-title":"HCI International 2021\u2014Posters","author":"S Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, S., Yu, K., Lammers, T. & Chen, F. Artificial Intelligence in Pilot Training and Education\u2014Towards a Machine Learning Aided Instructor Assistant for Flight Simulators. In HCI International 2021\u2014Posters (eds Stephanidis, C. et al.) 581\u2013587 (Springer International Publishing, 2021)."},{"key":"85448_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Misra S, Rivera VF, Khale N, Albelo J. Effectiveness of a flight simulation training visual aid for normal and crosswind approach and landing. Int. J. Aviation, Aeronaut. Aerospace. 2022; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58940\/2374-6793.1754","DOI":"10.58940\/2374-6793.1754"},{"issue":"2","key":"85448_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s12186-023-09339-6","volume":"17","author":"A Tuhkala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuhkala, A. et al. The interconnection between evaluated and self-assessed performance in full flight simulator training. Vocat. Learning. 17(2), 253\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12186-023-09339-6 (2024).","journal-title":"Vocat. Learning."},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s13272-021-00542-6","volume":"12","author":"MD White","year":"2021","unstructured":"White, M. D., Padfield, G. D., Lu, L., Advani, S. & Potter, M. Review of flight simulation fidelity requirements to help reduce \u2018rotorcraft loss of control in-flight\u2019 accident rates. CEAS Aeronaut J. 12(4), 701\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13272-021-00542-6 (2021).","journal-title":"CEAS Aeronaut J."},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1007\/s13272-023-00688-5","volume":"14","author":"G Ross","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ross, G. & Gilbey, A. Extended reality (xR) flight simulators as an adjunct to traditional flight training methods: A scoping review. CEAS Aeronaut J. 14(4), 799\u2013815. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13272-023-00688-5 (2023).","journal-title":"CEAS Aeronaut J."},{"key":"85448_CR48","unstructured":"Pole K. ATAC pushes for student pilot financing. Skies Mag\u2014MHM Publishing Inc. Published online Dec 5, 2018. Accessed Oct 12, 2024. https:\/\/skiesmag.com\/news\/atac-pushes-for-student-pilot-financing\/"},{"key":"85448_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2022.103382","volume":"92","author":"WC Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, W. C., Zhang, J., Court, S., Kearney, P. & Braithwaite, G. The influence of augmented reality interaction design on Pilot\u2019s perceived workload and situation awareness. Int. J. Indus. Ergon. 92, 103382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ergon.2022.103382 (2022).","journal-title":"Int. J. Indus. Ergon."},{"key":"85448_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nicholl R. Airline head-up display systems: Human factors considerations. Published online February 17, 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2384101","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2384101"},{"key":"85448_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pradhan P, Rostami M, Kamoonpuri J, et al. The State of Augmented Reality in Aerospace Navigation and Engineering. In: Applications of Augmented Reality\u2014Current State of the Art. IntechOpen; 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.1002358","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.1002358"},{"issue":"9","key":"85448_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1108\/AEAT-09-2018-0241","volume":"91","author":"M Safi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Safi, M., Chung, J. & Pradhan, P. Review of augmented reality in aerospace industry. Aircraft Eng. Aerospace Technol. 91(9), 1187\u20131194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AEAT-09-2018-0241 (2019).","journal-title":"Aircraft Eng. Aerospace Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"85448_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10956-022-09982-z","volume":"31","author":"WW Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, W. W., Su, C. Y., Hu, Y. & Chen, C. H. Exploring the effectiveness and moderators of augmented reality on science learning: a meta-analysis. J. Sci. Educ. Technol. 31(5), 621\u2013637. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10956-022-09982-z (2022).","journal-title":"J. Sci. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"85448_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frvir.2021.692103","author":"X Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, X., Mangina, E. & Campbell, A. G. HMD-based virtual and augmented reality in medical education: A systematic review. Front. Virtual Real. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frvir.2021.692103 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Virtual Real."},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/educsci10040086","volume":"10","author":"H Schaffernak","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schaffernak, H., Moesl, B., Vorraber, W. & Koglbauer, I. V. Potential augmented reality application areas for pilot education: An exploratory study. Educ. Sci. 10(4), 86. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/educsci10040086 (2020).","journal-title":"Educ. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.3390\/su14042220","volume":"14","author":"B Moesl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moesl, B. et al. Towards a more socially sustainable advanced pilot training by integrating wearable augmented reality devices. Sustainability. 14(4), 2220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/su14042220 (2022).","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"key":"85448_CR57","unstructured":"Thomas R, Lynch T. Ab Initio Training Conference - WATS. In: Session 7\u2014Creating Success Beyond the Norm: Integrating Alternatives.; 2024. Accessed June 12, 2024. https:\/\/wats-event.com\/ab-initio-conference-2024\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"85448_CR58","first-page":"1072","volume":"74","author":"S Bourgeois-Bougrine","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bourgeois-Bougrine, S., Carbon, P., Gounelle, C., Mollard, R. & Coblentz, A. Perceived fatigue for short- and long-haul flights: A survey of 739 airline pilots. Aviation, Space Environ. Med. 74(10), 1072\u20131077 (2003).","journal-title":"Aviation, Space Environ. Med."},{"key":"85448_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.11.009","volume":"76","author":"DD Boyd","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boyd, D. D., Scharf, M. & Cross, D. A comparison of general aviation accidents involving airline pilots and instrument-rated private pilots. J. Safety Res. 76, 127\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsr.2020.11.009 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Safety Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR60","first-page":"88","volume":"8","author":"S Casner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Casner, S. General aviation pilots\u2019 attitudes toward advanced cockpit systems. Int. J. Appl. Aviation Stud. 8(1), 88\u2013112 (2008).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Aviation Stud."},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1304_03","volume":"13","author":"DR Hunter","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hunter, D. R. Measuring general aviation pilot judgment using a situational judgment technique. Int. J. Aviation Psychol. 13(4), 373\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/S15327108IJAP1304_03 (2003).","journal-title":"Int. J. Aviation Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR62","first-page":"45","volume":"21","author":"D Ison","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ison, D. Development and validation of an aviation research survey. J. Aviation\/Aerospace Educ. Res. 21(1), 45\u201385 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Aviation\/Aerospace Educ. Res."},{"key":"85448_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kearns S, Sutton JE. Exploring the experiences of pilots within Canadian general aviation flight operations. Collegiate Aviation Rev. Int. 2012;30(1). Accessed December 3, 2023. https:\/\/ojs.library.okstate.edu\/osu\/index.php\/CARI\/article\/view\/7488","DOI":"10.22488\/okstate.18.100427"},{"issue":"2","key":"85448_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1518\/107118191786755698","volume":"35","author":"AJ McClumpha","year":"1991","unstructured":"McClumpha, A. J., James, M., Green, R. G. & Belyavin, A. J. Pilots\u2019 attitudes to cockpit automation. Proc. Hum. Factors Soc. Ann. Meeting. 35(2), 107\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1518\/107118191786755698 (1991).","journal-title":"Proc. Hum. Factors Soc. Ann. Meeting."},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR65","first-page":"13","volume":"9","author":"J Mitchell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mitchell, J., Vermeulen, L. & Naidoo, P. Flying glass: A qualitative analysis of pilot perceptions of automated flight-decks after 20 years. Int. J. Appl. Aviation Stud. FAA Acad. 9(1), 13\u201328 (2009).","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Aviation Stud. FAA Acad."},{"key":"85448_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rudari L, Johnson M, Geske R, Sperlak L. Pilot perceptions on impact of crew rest regulations on safety and fatigue. Int. J. Aviation, Aeronaut. Aerospace. 2016; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15394\/ijaaa.2016.1096","DOI":"10.15394\/ijaaa.2016.1096"},{"key":"85448_CR67","unstructured":"Shappell S, Hackworth C, Holcomb K, et al. Developing Proactive Methods for General Aviation Data Collection. Publications. Published online Nov 1, 2010. https:\/\/commons.erau.edu\/publication\/1221"},{"key":"85448_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41694-6_20","volume-title":"Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors","author":"S Sieberichs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sieberichs, S. & Kluge, A. Good Sleep Quality and Ways to Control Fatigue Risks in Aviation\u2014An Empirical Study with Commercial Airline Pilots. In Advances in Physical Ergonomics and Human Factors (eds Goonetilleke, R. & Karwowski, W.) 191\u2013201 (Springer International Publishing, 2016)."},{"key":"85448_CR69","unstructured":"Devellis RF, Thorpe CT. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. 5th ed. edition. SAGE Publications Inc, UK; 2021."},{"issue":"Pt 1","key":"85448_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1348\/000712600161646","volume":"91","author":"A Madill","year":"2000","unstructured":"Madill, A., Jordan, A. & Shirley, C. Objectivity and reliability in qualitative analysis: Realist, contextualist and radical constructionist epistemologies. Br. J. Psychol. 91(Pt 1), 1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1348\/000712600161646 (2000).","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"85448_CR71","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach: An Interactive Approach","author":"JA Maxwell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Maxwell, J. A. Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach: An Interactive Approach (Sage, UK, 2013)."},{"key":"85448_CR72","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C. & Bernstein, I. H. Psychometric Theory 3rd edn. (McGraw-Hill, London, 1994).","edition":"3"},{"issue":"2","key":"85448_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.21449\/ijate.479404","volume":"6","author":"G Aksu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aksu, G., G\u00fczeller, C. O. & Eser, M. T. The effect of the normalization method used in different sample sizes on the success of artificial neural network model. Int. J. Assess Tools Educ. 6(2), 170\u2013192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21449\/ijate.479404 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Assess Tools Educ."},{"issue":"1","key":"85448_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.1.8","volume":"69","author":"FS Nahm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nahm, F. S. Nonparametric statistical tests for the continuous data: the basic concept and the practical use. Korean J Anesthesiol. 69(1), 8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.1.8 (2016).","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03813.x","volume":"53","author":"RK Kandane-Rathnayake","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kandane-Rathnayake, R. K., Enticott, J. C. & Phillips, L. E. Data distribution: normal or abnormal? What to do about it. Transfusion. 53(4), 701\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03813.x (2013).","journal-title":"Transfusion."},{"key":"85448_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Braun V, Terry G, Hayfield N, Clarke V. The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. In: The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research in Psychology. SAGE Publications Ltd; 2017:17\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781526405555","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526405555"},{"key":"85448_CR77","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization. Assembly 40th Session (Technical Commission)\u2014Multi-Pronged Approach to Enhancing Pilot Training and Competency During a Period of Anticipated Growth and Complexity. International Civil Aviation Organization; 2019. Accessed February 13, 2024. https:\/\/www.icao.int\/Meetings\/a40\/pages\/default.aspx"},{"key":"85448_CR78","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization. Assembly 40th Session (Technical Commission), Working Paper\u2014Pilot Training Improvements to Address Automation Dependency. International Civil Aviation Organization; 2019. https:\/\/www.icao.int\/Meetings\/a40\/Documents\/WP\/wp_296_en.pdf"},{"key":"85448_CR79","unstructured":"International Civil Aviation Organization. Assembly 41st Session (Executive Committee) - Augmented Reality as the Strategy for the Development of Standardized Training in NGAP Capacity Building. International Civil Aviation Organization; 2022. Accessed February 13, 2024. https:\/\/www.icao.int\/Meetings\/a41\/Documents\/Forms\/AllItems.aspx?RootFolder=%2fMeetings%2fa41%2fDocuments%2fWP&FolderCTID=0x012000C135A313434E8641AAF9E7704CF90D55"},{"key":"85448_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Beckman W. A Comparison of the Effectiveness of PC-Based Aviation Training Devices and Conventional Flight Training Devices for Instrument Flight Training. Journal of Aviation\/Aerospace Education & Research. 2000;9(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15394\/jaaer.2000.1244","DOI":"10.15394\/jaaer.2000.1244"},{"issue":"4","key":"85448_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.2514\/1.G001603","volume":"39","author":"DM Pool","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pool, D. M., Harder, G. A. & van Paassen, M. M. Effects of simulator motion feedback on training of skill-based control behavior. J. Guid. Control, Dyn. 39(4), 889\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2514\/1.G001603 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Guid. Control, Dyn."},{"key":"85448_CR82","unstructured":"Zhang T. Comparing Training Effects of Virtual Reality Flight Simulation to Conventional PC-Based Flight Simulation. Doctoral Dissertations and Master\u2019s Theses. Published online May 1, 2022. https:\/\/commons.erau.edu\/edt\/668"},{"key":"85448_CR83","unstructured":"Epstein C. Technology Advances Flight Training Field\u2014Low costs bring sim tech to wider market. Aviation International News. Published online Feb 2017: 22\u201324."},{"key":"85448_CR84","unstructured":"Lightstone P. Flight training shifts in Canada. Wings Magazine. Published online Sept 3, 2024. Accessed Oct 2, 2024. https:\/\/www.wingsmagazine.com\/flight-training-in-canada\/"},{"key":"85448_CR85","unstructured":"Johnson O. How Synergy Aviation is tackling the pilot shortage. Skies Mag. Published online Jan 20, 2020. Accessed Oct 2, 2024. https:\/\/skiesmag.com\/features\/how-synergy-aviation-is-tackling-the-pilot-shortage\/"},{"key":"85448_CR86","unstructured":"Javed H. Pilot Course in Canada: Your Ultimate Guide to Soaring the Skies. USA Wire. https:\/\/usawire.com\/pilot-course-in-canada-your-ultimate-guide-to-soaring-the-skies\/. Sept 2, 2024. Accessed Oct 2, 2024."},{"key":"85448_CR87","unstructured":"Lee M. Attracting, retaining pilots an ongoing issue in Canada: Industry analysts. CTVNews. https:\/\/www.ctvnews.ca\/business\/attracting-retaining-pilots-an-ongoing-issue-in-canada-industry-analysts-1.6261503. Feb 6, 2023. Accessed Oct 2, 2024."},{"key":"85448_CR88","unstructured":"Goetz D. Private Pilot License Canada in 2023 | Best Ground School. March 24, 2022. Accessed Nov 10, 2023. https:\/\/www.myflighttraining.ca\/private-pilot-license-canada\/"},{"key":"85448_CR89","unstructured":"Ontario Flight Centre (OFC). Private Pilot License. 2023. Accessed Nov 10, 2023. https:\/\/ontarioflightcentre.ca\/courses\/private-pilot-license\/"},{"key":"85448_CR90","unstructured":"Professional Flight Centre P. Private Pilot License (PPL) | Pacific Professional Flight Centre. 2023. Accessed Nov 10, 2023. https:\/\/proifr.com\/programs\/private-pilot-license\/"},{"key":"85448_CR91","unstructured":"Near North Aviation (NNA). Training\u2014Near North Avation. 2023. Accessed Nov 10, 2023. https:\/\/nearnorthaviation.com\/training\/"},{"key":"85448_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scholkmann AB. Resistance to (Digital) Change. Digital Transformation of Learning Organizations. Published online July 15, 2020:219\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-55878-9_13","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55878-9_13"},{"key":"85448_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blumenfeld PC, Kempler TM, Krajcik JS. Motivation and Cognitive Engagement in Learning Environments. In: Sawyer RK, ed. The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences. Cambridge Handbooks in Psychology. Cambridge University Press; 2005:475\u2013488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511816833.029","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511816833.029"},{"key":"85448_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9041-7_2","volume-title":"Second International Handbook of Science Education","author":"S Olitsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Olitsky, S. & Milne, C. Understanding Engagement in Science Education: The Psychological and the Social. In Second International Handbook of Science Education (eds Fraser, B. J. et al.) 19\u201333 (Netherlands, Springer, 2012)."},{"key":"85448_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zajda J. Social Cognitive Theories for Improving Engagement and Motivation. In: Zajda J, ed. Globalisation and Dominant Models of Motivation Theories in Education. Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023:47\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-42895-1_4","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-42895-1_4"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85448-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85448-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85448-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T01:06:51Z","timestamp":1737162411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85448-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-85448-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"2302"}}