{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:13:35Z","timestamp":1790252015350,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U20B6001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20B6001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["92255302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["92255302"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of the SINOPEC Key Laboratory of Geology and Resources in Deep Stratum","award":["33550000-24-ZC0699-0020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33550000-24-ZC0699-0020"]}]},{"name":"Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF","award":["GZC20232240"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZC20232240"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Deep oil reservoirs are becoming increasingly significant fields of hydrocarbon exploration in recent decades. Hydrothermal fluid flow is deemed as a potentially crucial factor affecting the occurrence of deep oil reservoirs, such as enhancing porosity\/permeability of reservoirs, accelerating oil generation and thermal cracking, and modifying organic properties of crude oils. Understanding the interplay between hydrothermal fluids and crude oils would provide useful constraints for reconstructing hydrocarbon accumulation processes and predicting the distribution patterns of crude oils. Voluminous crude oils have been discovered in the deeply buried Ordovician carbonate reservoirs within the Shunbei area of the northern Tarim Basin. Previous studies revealed that the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province (LIP) has affected the Shunbei area, whereas it is still debated whether the LIP-related hydrothermal infiltration affected hydrocarbons within the Ordovician reservoirs. To resolve this puzzle, this study was designed to unravel the potential thermal impact of hydrothermal infiltration on hydrocarbons according to molecular and stable carbon isotopic compositions of oils and associated natural gases, reflectance analysis of solid bitumen, and fluid inclusion thermometry. The studied crude oils are characterized by uniform organic indicators of paraffin, terpanes, steranes, and light hydrocarbons, implying that crude oils are derived from the same source rock. Genetic binary diagrams, such as dibenzothiophene\/phenanthrene (DBT\/P) vs. Pr\/Ph (pristane\/phytane), Pr\/\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -C\n                    <jats:sub>17<\/jats:sub>\n                    alkane vs. Ph\/\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -C\n                    <jats:sub>18<\/jats:sub>\n                    alkane, C\n                    <jats:sub>31<\/jats:sub>\n                    R\/C\n                    <jats:sub>30<\/jats:sub>\n                    hopane vs. C\n                    <jats:sub>26<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/C\n                    <jats:sub>25<\/jats:sub>\n                    tricyclic terpane (TT), and C\n                    <jats:sub>24<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/C\n                    <jats:sub>23<\/jats:sub>\n                    TT vs. C\n                    <jats:sub>22<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/C\n                    <jats:sub>21<\/jats:sub>\n                    TT, indicate that marine shales deposited in a reducing-weakly oxidized environment are major source rocks. Natural gases are associated with oil reservoirs and are mainly generated via the decomposition of kerogen and crude oil. Solid bitumen with abnormally high reflectance values (2.17\u20132.20%) occurred in the studied area, suggesting their formation temperatures were 252\u2013254 \u00b0C. The abnormally high temperatures may be caused by hydrothermal infiltration related to the Tarim LIP. Hydrothermal infiltration is supported by the presence of high contents of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (30\u201348%) with enriched \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C ratios (between \u2212\u20092.5\u2030 and \u2212\u20092.3\u2030), enriched\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    -alkane \u03b4\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C ratios, and incongruent temperatures estimated by multiple indicators, such as light hydrocarbon compositions, homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions, and bitumen reflectance. Outcomes of this study support the interpretation that hydrothermal infiltration indeed occurred and may have facilitated hydrocarbon generation in the Shunbei area, and possibly elsewhere in the cratonic regions of the northern Tarim Basin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85485-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T08:26:43Z","timestamp":1736670403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Tracking hydrothermal infiltration within light oil reservoirs using organic geochemical proxies in the Shunbei area of Tarim Basin in China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaojie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zicheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huili","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"85485_CR1","first-page":"263","volume":"30","author":"J Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, J. et al. Multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation in Cambrian Xixiangchi Group, Pingqiao area, southeastern Sichuan and its implications for hydrocarbon exploration. Earth Sci. Front. 30, 263\u2013276 (2023).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Front."},{"key":"85485_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1306\/02132422124","volume":"108","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Recognition of a hydrothermally linked oil accumulation process in the Tahe oil field, northwestern China, with organic geochemistry, re-os, and U-Pb geochronology. AAPG Bull. 108, 1485\u20131508 (2024).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2016.01.008","volume":"94","author":"H Huang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huang, H., Zhang, S. & Su, J. Palaeozoic oil\u2013source correlation in the Tarim Basin, NW China: a review. Org. Geochem. 94, 32\u201346 (2016).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2022.121045","volume":"608","author":"H Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Molecular evidence reveals the presence of hydrothermal effect on ultra-deep-preserved organic compounds. Chem. Geol. 608, 121045 (2022).","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2019.115747","volume":"525","author":"N Fetter","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fetter, N. et al. Lead isotopes as tracers of crude oil migration within deep crustal fluid systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 525, 115747 (2019).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"85485_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2118\/04-10-05","volume":"43","author":"KC Taylor","year":"2004","unstructured":"Taylor, K. C., Al-Ghamdi, A. H. & Nasr-El-Din, H. A. Measurement of acid reaction rates of a deep dolomitic gas reservoir. J. Can. Pet. Technol. 43, 49\u201356 (2004).","journal-title":"J. Can. Pet. Technol."},{"key":"85485_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02134","volume":"426","author":"IM Head","year":"2003","unstructured":"Head, I. M., Jones, D. M. & Larter, S. R. Biological activity in the deep subsurface and the origin of heavy oil. Nature 426, 344\u2013352 (2003).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"85485_CR8","first-page":"124","volume":"42","author":"J Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao, J. et al. Pressure evolution, enrichment and preservation of normal-pressure shale gas in the Pengshui area of eastern Chongqing. Nat. Gas. Ind. 42, 124\u2013135 (2022).","journal-title":"Nat. Gas. Ind."},{"key":"85485_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1306\/04061514181","volume":"99","author":"ET Baruch","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baruch, E. T., Kennedy, M. J., L\u00f6hr, S. C. & Dewhurst, D. N. Feldspar dissolution-enhanced porosity in Paleoproterozoic shale reservoir facies from the Barney Creek Formation (McArthur Basin, Australia). AAPG Bull. 99, 1745\u20131770 (2015).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2020.117704","volume":"272","author":"Y Duan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Wu, Y., Xing, L., Li, Z. & Zhang, T. Experimental simulation study on the influence of diagenetic water medium on sedimentary n-alkanes and their respective hydrogen isotopes. Fuel 272, 117704 (2020).","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"85485_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S., Zheng, L., Guo, X. & Han, Y. Carbon isotopic behavior during hydrocarbon expulsion in semiclosed hydrous pyrolysis of type I and type II saline lacustrine source rocks in the Jianghan Basin, Central China. Lithosphere 2024, 294 (2024).","DOI":"10.2113\/2024\/lithosphere_2023_294"},{"key":"85485_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2008.06.003","volume":"72","author":"MD Lewan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lewan, M. D., Kotarba, M. J., Wiec\u0142aw, D. & Piestrzy\u0144ski, A. Evaluating transition-metal catalysis in gas generation from the Permian Kupferschiefer by hydrous pyrolysis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72, 4069\u20134093 (2008).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2012.10.004","volume":"50","author":"PF Greenwood","year":"2013","unstructured":"Greenwood, P. F. et al. Organic geochemistry and mineralogy. I. Characterisation of organic matter associated with metal deposits. Ore Geol. Rev. 50, 1\u201327 (2013).","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"85485_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/295198a0","volume":"295","author":"BRT Simoneit","year":"1982","unstructured":"Simoneit, B. R. T. & Lonsdale, P. F. Hydrothermal petroleum in mineralized mounds at the seabed of Guaymas Basin. Nature 295, 198\u2013202 (1982).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"85485_CR15","first-page":"1495","volume":"72","author":"IH Crick","year":"1988","unstructured":"Crick, I. H., Boreham, C. J., Cook, A. C. & Powell, T. G. Petroleum geology and geochemistry of Middle Proterozoic McArthur Basin, northern Australia II: assessment of source rock potential. AAPG Bull. 72, 1495\u20131514 (1988).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2009.09.003","volume":"27","author":"W Jia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jia, W., Xiao, Z., Yu, C. & Peng, P. Molecular and isotopic compositions of bitumens in silurian tar sands from the Tarim Basin, NW China: characterizing biodegradation and hydrocarbon charging in an old composite basin. Mar. Pet. Geol. 27, 13\u201325 (2010).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2004.12.026","volume":"69","author":"Y Tang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tang, Y. et al. A kinetic model for thermally induced hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation of individual n-alkanes in crude oil. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69, 4505\u20134520 (2005).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1130\/B36324.1","volume":"11\u201312","author":"J Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, J. et al. U-Pb dating of oil charge in superimposed basins: a case study from the Tarim Basin, NW China. GSA Bull. 11\u201312, 3176\u20133188 (2022).","journal-title":"GSA Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1007\/s12182-017-0196-8","volume":"14","author":"RH Fang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fang, R. H. et al. Oil charging history and pathways of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir in the Tuoputai region, Tarim Basin, NW China. Pet. Sci. 14, 662\u2013675 (2017).","journal-title":"Pet. Sci."},{"key":"85485_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1306\/05091917253","volume":"104","author":"X Ge","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ge, X., Shen, C., Selby, D., Feely, M. & Guangyou, Z. Petroleum evolution within the Tarim Basin, northwestern China: insights from organic geochemistry, fluid inclusions, and rhenium\u2013osmium geochronology of the Halahatang oil field. AAPG Bull. 104, 329\u2013355 (2020).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2021.105365","volume":"134","author":"L Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu, L., Jin, Z., Liu, K., Chu, Z. & Yang, P. Evolution of a deeply-buried oil reservoir in the north Shuntuoguole Low Uplift, Tarim Basin, western China: insights from molecular geochemistry and Re\u2013Os geochronology. Mar. Pet. Geol. 134, 105365 (2021).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR22","first-page":"127","volume":"42","author":"L Qi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qi, L., Yun, L., Cao, Z., Li, H. & Huang, C. Geological reserves assessment and petroleum exploration targets in Shunbei oil and gas field. Xinjiang Petrol. Geol. 42, 127\u2013135 (2021).","journal-title":"Xinjiang Petrol. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR23","first-page":"136","volume":"42","author":"L Yun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yun, L. Hydrocarbon accumulation of ultra-deep ordovician fault-karst reservoirs in Shunbei Area. Xinjiang Petroleum Geol. 42, 136\u2013142 (2021).","journal-title":"Xinjiang Petroleum Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsg.2021.104400","volume":"150","author":"Q Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun, Q. et al. New insights on the geometry and kinematics of the Shunbei 5 strike-slip fault in the central Tarim Basin, China. J. Struct. Geol. 150, 104400 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Struct. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2020.104725","volume":"123","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Hao, F., Cao, Z., Tian, J. & Cong, F. Geochemistry and origin of the ultra-deep ordovician oils in the Shunbei field, Tarim Basin, China: implications on alteration and mixing. Mar. Pet. Geol. 123, 104725 (2021).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2024.106959","volume":"167","author":"R Qiao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qiao, R., Li, M., Zhang, D. & Xiao, H. Geochemistry and accumulation of the ultra-deep ordovician oils in the Shunbei oilfield, Tarim Basin: coupling of reservoir secondary processes and filling events. Mar. Pet. Geol. 167, 106959 (2024).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2024.106790","volume":"164","author":"H Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Petroleum accumulations in the tarim basin during various tectonic stages as revealed by U\u2013Pb dating of multi-phase calcite veins in deeply buried carbonate reservoirs. Mar. Pet. Geol. 164, 106790 (2024).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0264-8172(87)90045-6","volume":"4","author":"MP Watson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Watson, M. P., Hayward, A. B., Parkinson, D. N. & Zhang, Z. M. Plate tectonic history, basin development and petroleum source rock deposition onshore China. Mar. Pet. Geol. 4, 205\u2013225 (1987).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019JB018382","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JB018382","volume":"125","author":"Z Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng, Z. et al. Petrogenesis of transitional large igneous province: insights from bimodal volcanic suite in the Tarim large Igneous Province. J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth  125, e2019JB018382 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"85485_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-5457.2006.00027.x","volume":"29","author":"Z Jin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jin, Z., Zhu, D., Zhang, X., Hu, W. & Song, Y. Hydrothermally fluoritized ordovician carbonates as reservoir rocks in the Tazhong area, central Tarim Basin, NW China. J. Pet. Geol. 29, 27\u201340 (2006).","journal-title":"J. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR31","first-page":"17","volume":"44","author":"J Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin, J. Drilling fluid technology for igneous rocks in ultra-deep wels in the Shunbei area, Tarim Basin. Petrol. Drill. Tech. 44, 17\u201323 (2016).","journal-title":"Petrol. Drill. Tech."},{"key":"85485_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-022-1696-z","volume":"35","author":"Y Yue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yue, Y. et al. Formation mechanism of the Paleocene basal conglomerate, Southwest Tarim Basin. J. Earth Sci. 35, 1513-1526 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"85485_CR33","unstructured":"Li, J. et al. Preliminary Reconstruction of Tectonic Paleogeography of Tarim Basin and Its Adjacent Aeras from Cambrian to Triassic, NW China. Geol. Rev. (2015)."},{"key":"85485_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-021-1562-4","volume":"35","author":"F Jiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, F. et al.\u00a0Genesis and accumulation of paleo-oil reservoir in Dabei Area, Kuqa Depression, Northwest China: Implications for tight-gas accumulation. J. Earth Sci. 35, 655-665 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"85485_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jseaes.2008.07.003","volume":"34","author":"B Yu","year":"2009","unstructured":"Yu, B., Dong, H., Widom, E., Chen, J. & Lin, C. Geochemistry of basal Cambrian black shales and cherts from the Northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China: implications for depositional setting and tectonic history. J. Asian Earth Sci. 34, 418\u2013436 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Asian Earth Sci."},{"key":"85485_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2016.02.026","volume":"73","author":"Z Xiao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xiao, Z. et al. Source, oil charging history and filling pathways of the Ordovician carbonate reservoir in the Halahatang Oilfield, Tarim Basin, NW China. Mar. Pet. Geol. 73, 59\u201371 (2016).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.102930","volume":"198","author":"G Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu, G. et al. The complexity, secondary geochemical process, genetic mechanism and distribution prediction of deep marine oil and gas in the Tarim Basin, China. Earth Sci. Rev. 198, 102930 (2019).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"85485_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2021.120125","volume":"568","author":"P Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, P. et al. In situ LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating and geochemical characterization of fault-zone calcite in the central Tarim Basin, northwest China: implications for fluid circulation and fault reactivation. Chem. Geol. 568, 120125 (2021).","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.46690\/ager.2023.11.03","volume":"10","author":"J Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao, J., Li, X., Cheng, G., Luo, H. & Zhu, H. Structural evolution and characterization of organic-rich shale from macroscopic to microscopic resolution: the significance of tectonic activity. Adv. Geo-Energy Res. 10, 84\u201390 (2023).","journal-title":"Adv. Geo-Energy Res."},{"key":"85485_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnggs.2021.09.004","volume":"6","author":"A Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma, A. et al. The geochemical characteristics and origin of Ordovician ultra-deep natural gas in the North Shuntuoguole area, Tarim Basin, NW China. J. Nat. Gas Geosci. 6, 289\u2013300 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Geosci."},{"key":"85485_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2022.105660","volume":"140","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang, Z. et al. Phase fractionation and oil mixing as contributors to complex petroleum phase in deep strata: a case study from LG7 block in the Tarim Basin, China. Mar. Pet. Geol. 140, 105660 (2022).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR42","first-page":"402","volume":"44","author":"X Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu, X., Li, D., Zhu, X. & Wang, J. Influence of geothermal field on ultra-deep ordovician oil and gas in Shunbei field, Tarim Basin: a case study of Shunbei 5 strike-slip fault. Petrol. Geol. Exp. 44, 402\u2013412 (2022).","journal-title":"Petrol. Geol. Exp."},{"key":"85485_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2005.01.013","volume":"36","author":"S Zhang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zhang, S. & Huang, H. Geochemistry of palaeozoic marine petroleum from the Tarim Basin, NW China: part 1. Oil family classification. Org. Geochem. 36, 1204\u20131214 (2005).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnggs.2016.05.002","volume":"1","author":"G Zhu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhu, G. et al. Discovery and basic characteristics of high-quality source rocks found in the Yuertusi formation of the Cambrian in Tarim Basin, China. J. Nat. Gas Geosci  1, 21\u201333 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Nat. Gas Geosci."},{"key":"85485_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(97)00022-3","volume":"26","author":"A Chakhmakhchev","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chakhmakhchev, A., Suzuki, M. & Takayama, K. Distribution of alkylated dibenzothiophenes in petroleum as a tool for maturity assessments. Org. Geochem. 26, 483\u2013489 (1997).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2007.07.001","volume":"38","author":"K Grice","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grice, K., Nabbefeld, B. & Maslen, E. Source and significance of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments (Hovea-3 well, Perth Basin, Western Australia) spanning the Permian\u2013Triassic boundary. Org. Geochem. 38, 1795\u20131803 (2007).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-5162(99)00053-1","volume":"43","author":"MA Kruge","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kruge, M. A. Determination of thermal maturity and organic matter type by principal components analysis of the distributions of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Int. J. Coal Geol. 43, 27\u201351 (2000).","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2007.11.021","volume":"72","author":"SC George","year":"2008","unstructured":"George, S. C., Volk, H., Dutkiewicz, A., Ridley, J. & Buick, R. Preservation of hydrocarbons and biomarkers in oil trapped inside fluid inclusions for >\u20092 billion years. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72, 844\u2013870 (2008).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR49","first-page":"659","volume":"39","author":"D Huang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Huang, D. et al. Genetic types of natural gases and their maturity discrimination in the east of Tarim Basin. Sci. China-Earth Sci. 39, 659\u2013669 (1996).","journal-title":"Sci. China-Earth Sci."},{"key":"85485_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barker, C. E. & Pawlewicz, M. J. Calculation of vitrinite reflectance from thermal histories and peak temperatures\u2014a comparison of methods. In Vitrinite Reflectance as a Maturity Parameter: Applications and Limitations, Vol. 570 (eds. Mukhopadhyay, P.K. & Dow, W.G.) 294 (American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 1994).","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1994-0570.ch014"},{"key":"85485_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coal.2018.11.012","volume":"201","author":"JS Schmidt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schmidt, J. S. et al. Comments on empirical conversion of solid bitumen reflectance for thermal maturity evaluation. Int. J. Coal Geol. 201, 44\u201350 (2019).","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.2113\/gsecongeo.75.4.603","volume":"75","author":"JS Hanor","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hanor, J. S. Dissolved methane in sedimentary brines; potential effect on the PVT properties of fluid inclusions. Econ. Geol. 75, 603\u2013609 (1980).","journal-title":"Econ. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/222257a0","volume":"222","author":"J Brooks","year":"1969","unstructured":"Brooks, J., Gould, K. & Smith, J. Isoprenoid hydrocarbons in coal and petroleum. Nature 222, 257\u2013259 (1969).","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"85485_CR54","first-page":"1241","volume":"69","author":"G Shanmugam","year":"1985","unstructured":"Shanmugam, G. Significance of coniferous rain forests and related organic matter in generating commercial quantities of oil, Gippsland Basin, Australia. AAPG Bull. 69, 1241\u20131254 (1985).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR55","unstructured":"Hunt, J. M. Petroleum Geochemistry and Geology, Second Edition 743 (W.H. Freeman and Company, 1996)."},{"key":"85485_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(95)00225-O","volume":"59","author":"WB Hughes","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hughes, W. B., Holba, A. G. & Dzou, L. I. The ratios of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrenes and pristane to phytane as indicators of depositional environment and lithology of petroleum source rocks. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59, 3581\u20133598 (1995).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peters, K., Walters, C. & Moldowan, J. The Biomarker Guide (Cambridge University Press, 2005).","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107326040"},{"key":"85485_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2012.04.004","volume":"36","author":"TK Al-Ameri","year":"2012","unstructured":"Al-Ameri, T. K. & Zumberge, J. Middle and Upper jurassic hydrocarbon potential of the Zagross Fold Belt, North Iraq. Mar. Pet. Geol. 36, 13\u201334 (2012).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2022.0012","volume":"23","author":"BL Teece","year":"2022","unstructured":"Teece, B. L. et al. Biogeochemistry of recently fossilized siliceous hot spring sinters from Yellowstone. USA Astrobiol. 23, 155\u2013171 (2022).","journal-title":"USA Astrobiol."},{"key":"85485_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-16-2443-2019","volume":"16","author":"M Reinhardt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Reinhardt, M. et al. Organic signatures in Pleistocene cherts from Lake Magadi (Kenya)\u2014implications for early Earth hydrothermal deposits. Biogeosciences 16, 2443\u20132465 (2019).","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"85485_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.3390\/min12101306","volume":"12","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Hu, Y., Xu, S. & Wang, D. TSR action and genesis mechanism of antimony deposit: evidence from aromatic hydrocarbon geochemistry of bitumen from paleo-oil reservoir in Qinglong Ore Field, southwestern Guizhou Depression, China. Minerals 12, 1306 (2022).","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"85485_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s12583-022-1617-1","volume":"34","author":"S Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu, S. et al.\u00a0Investigation of organic matter sources and depositional environment changes for terrestrial shale succession from the Yuka Depression: Implications from organic geochemistry and petrological analyses. J. Earth Sci. 34, 1577-1595 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"85485_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(94)90513-4","volume":"58","author":"FD Mango","year":"1994","unstructured":"Mango, F. D. The origin of light hydrocarbons in petroleum: ring preference in the closure of carbocyclic rings. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 895\u2013901 (1994).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(90)90191-M","volume":"54","author":"FD Mango","year":"1990","unstructured":"Mango, F. D. The origin of light cycloalkanes in petroleum. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 23\u201327 (1990).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(96)00091-5","volume":"24","author":"HL Ten Haven","year":"1996","unstructured":"Ten Haven, H. L. Applications and limitations of Mango\u2019s light hydrocarbon parameters in petroleum correlation studies. Org. Geochem. 24, 957\u2013976 (1996).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1306\/08192019077","volume":"105","author":"PC Hackley","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hackley, P. C., Parris, T. M., Eble, C. F., Greb, S. F. & Harris, D. C. Oil\u2013source correlation studies in the shallow Berea Sandstone petroleum system, eastern Kentucky. AAPG Bull. 105, 517\u2013542 (2021).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.006","volume":"91","author":"Q Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Distinguishing kerogen and oil cracked shale gas using H, C-isotopic fractionation of alkane gases. Mar. Pet. Geol. 91, 350\u2013362 (2018).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1306\/04061009119","volume":"94","author":"ND Rodriguez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rodriguez, N. D. & Philp, R. P. Geochemical characterization of gases from the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Fort Worth Basin, Texas. AAPG Bull. 94, 1641\u20131656 (2010).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.11.017","volume":"190","author":"Q Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu, Q. et al. Carbon and hydrogen isotopes of methane, ethane, and propane: a review of genetic identification of natural gas. Earth Sci. Rev. 190, 247\u2013272 (2019).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"85485_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2018.09.002","volume":"125","author":"AV Milkov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Milkov, A. V. & Etiope, G. Revised genetic diagrams for natural gases based on a global dataset of >\u200920,000 samples. Org. Geochem. 125, 109\u2013120 (2018).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR71","first-page":"31","volume":"6","author":"J Dai","year":"1985","unstructured":"Dai, J., Qi, H. & Song, Y. Primary discussion of some parameters for identification of coal-and oil-type gases. Acta Petrol. Sin. 6, 31\u201338 (1985).","journal-title":"Acta Petrol. Sin."},{"key":"85485_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111032","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2022.111032","volume":"219","author":"J Su","year":"2022","unstructured":"Su, J. et al. The genesis of gas condensates and light oils in the lower paleozoic of Tarim Basin, NW China: the exploration implications for ultra-deep petroleum. J. Petrol. Sci. Eng. 219, 111032 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"85485_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(80)90155-6","volume":"44","author":"M Schoell","year":"1980","unstructured":"Schoell, M. The hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of methane from natural gases of various origins. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44, 649\u2013661 (1980).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2022.105735","volume":"142","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, S., Guo, X. & Zheng, L. Carbon-hydrogen isotopic systematics of gases generated in semi-closed hydrous pyrolysis of type I source rock with the presence of formation water: implications for gas isotope partitioning under supercritical conditions. Mar. Pet. Geol. 142, 105735 (2022).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2014.11.001","volume":"78","author":"H Gai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gai, H., Xiao, X., Cheng, P., Tian, H. & Fu, J. Gas generation of shale organic matter with different contents of residual oil based on a pyrolysis experiment. Org. Geochem. 78, 69\u201378 (2015).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2541(95)00123-9","volume":"126","author":"AA Prinzhofer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Prinzhofer, A. A. & Huc, A. Y. Genetic and post-genetic molecular and isotopic fractionations in natural gases. Chem. Geol. 126, 281\u2013290 (1995).","journal-title":"Chem. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2516\/ogst:2003018","volume":"58","author":"A Prinzhofer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Prinzhofer, A. & Battani, A. Gas isotopes tracing: an important tool for hydrocarbons exploration. Oil Gas Sci. Technol. Rev. IFP. 58, 299\u2013311 (2003).","journal-title":"Oil Gas Sci. Technol. Rev. IFP"},{"key":"85485_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2023.106510","volume":"158","author":"S Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, S., Guo, X., Zheng, L. & Han, Y. Semi-closed hydrous pyrolysis of type I source rock using formation water: implications for biomarker behaviour under supercritical conditions. Mar. Pet. Geol. 158, 106510 (2023).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2015.11.009","volume":"70","author":"WA Murillo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Murillo, W. A., Vieth-Hillebrand, A., Horsfield, B. & Wilkes, H. Petroleum source, maturity, alteration and mixing in the southwestern Barents Sea: new insights from geochemical and isotope data. Mar. Pet. Geol. 70, 119\u2013143 (2016).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(90)90003-I","volume":"15","author":"KE Peters","year":"1990","unstructured":"Peters, K. E., Moldowan, J. M. & Sundararaman, P. Effects of hydrous pyrolysis on biomarker thermal maturity parameters: Monterey phosphatic and siliceous members. Org. Geochem. 15, 249\u2013265 (1990).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.05.012","volume":"96","author":"B Cheng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cheng, B., Chen, Z., Chen, T., Yang, C. & Wang, T. G. Biomarker signatures of the Ediacaran-Early Cambrian origin petroleum from the central Sichuan Basin, South China: implications for source rock characteristics. Mar. Pet. Geol. 96, 577\u2013590 (2018).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tissot, B. P. & Welte, D. H. Petroleum Formation and Occurrence, Second Edition 699 (Springer, 1984).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-87813-8"},{"key":"85485_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1144\/GSL.SP.2004.237.01.03","volume":"237","author":"A Wilhelms","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wilhelms, A. & Larter, S. Shaken but not always stirred. Impact of petroleum charge mixing on reservoir geochemistry. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 237, 27\u201335 (2004).","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publications"},{"key":"85485_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1306\/04140908156","volume":"93","author":"F Hao","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hao, F., Zhou, X., Zhu, Y. & Yang, Y. Mechanisms for oil depletion and enrichment on the Shijiutuo uplift, Bohai Bay Basin, China. AAPG Bull. 93, 1015\u20131037 (2009).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(83)90143-6","volume":"47","author":"KFM Thompson","year":"1983","unstructured":"Thompson, K. F. M. Classification and thermal history of petroleum based on light hydrocarbons. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 47, 303\u2013316 (1983).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2016.04.005","volume":"97","author":"S Hu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hu, S., Wilkes, H., Horsfield, B., Chen, H. & Li, S. On the origin, mixing and alteration of crude oils in the Tarim Basin. Org. Geochem. 97, 17\u201334 (2016).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2024.104757","volume":"252","author":"H Xu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Organic compounds in geological hydrothermal systems: a critical review of molecular transformation and distribution. Earth Sci. Rev. 252, 104757 (2024).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"85485_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(94)90098-1","volume":"21","author":"LC Kuo","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kuo, L. C. An experimental study of crude oil alteration in reservoir rocks by water washing. Org. Geochem. 21, 465\u2013479 (1994).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1919","DOI":"10.1139\/e85-208","volume":"22","author":"BR Simoneit","year":"1985","unstructured":"Simoneit, B. R. Hydrothermal petroleum: genesis, migration, and deposition in Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California. Can. J. Earth Sci. 22, 1919\u20131929 (1985).","journal-title":"Can. J. Earth Sci."},{"key":"85485_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kruge, M. A. & Bensley, D. F. Flash pyrolysis-gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry of Lower Kittanning vitrinites: changes in the distributions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons as a function of coal rank. In Vitrinite Reflectance as a Maturity Parameter: Applications and Limitations, vol. 570 (eds. Mukhophadyay, P.K. & Dow, W.G.) 136\u2013148 (American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 1994).","DOI":"10.1021\/bk-1994-0570.ch009"},{"key":"85485_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oregeorev.2022.104834","volume":"144","author":"S Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, S. et al. Recognition of a widespread paleoproterozoic hydrothermal system in the southern McArthur Basin, northern Australia, by in-situ analysis of fine-grained pyrite and spatially-associated solid bitumen in the Lamont Pass palaeohigh. Ore Geol. Rev. 144, 104834 (2022).","journal-title":"Ore Geol. Rev."},{"key":"85485_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(97)00031-4","volume":"26","author":"FD Mango","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mango, F. D. The light hydrocarbons in petroleum: a critical review. Org. Geochem. 26, 417\u2013440 (1997).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR93","unstructured":"Radke, M. & Welte, D. H. The methylphenanthrene index (MPI). A maturity parameter based on aromatic hydrocarbons. Adv. Org. Geochem. 1983, 504\u2013512 (1983)."},{"key":"85485_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(94)90166-X","volume":"21","author":"B Andresen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Andresen, B., Throndsen, T., Barth, T. & Bolstad, J. Thermal generation of carbon dioxide and organic acids from different source rocks. Org. Geochem. 21, 1229\u20131242 (1994).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR95","first-page":"2441","volume":"62","author":"WW Carothers","year":"1978","unstructured":"Carothers, W. W. & Kharaka, Y. K. Aliphatic acid anions in oil-field waters\u2014implications for origin of natural gas. AAPG Bull. 62, 2441\u20132453 (1978).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(83)90262-4","volume":"47","author":"YK Kharaka","year":"1983","unstructured":"Kharaka, Y. K., Carothers, W. W. & Rosenbauer, R. J. Thermal decarboxylation of acetic acid: implications for origin of natural gas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 47, 397\u2013402 (1983).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1130\/G31201.1","volume":"38","author":"AJ Finlay","year":"2010","unstructured":"Finlay, A. J., Selby, D., Osborne, M. J. & Finucane, D. Fault-charged mantle-fluid contamination of United Kingdom North Sea oils: insights from re-os isotopes. Geology 38, 979\u2013982 (2010).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"85485_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(90)90002-H","volume":"15","author":"JL Clayton","year":"1990","unstructured":"Clayton, J. L., Spencer, C. W., Koncz, I. & Szalay, A. Origin and migration of hydrocarbon gases and carbon dioxide, B\u00e9k\u00e9s Basin, southeastern Hungary. Org. Geochem. 15, 233\u2013247 (1990).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012-8252(02)00064-8","volume":"58","author":"P Deines","year":"2002","unstructured":"Deines, P. The carbon isotope geochemistry of mantle xenoliths. Earth Sci. Rev. 58, 247\u2013278 (2002).","journal-title":"Earth Sci. Rev."},{"key":"85485_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(1990)018<0541:CDICRA>2.3.CO;2","volume":"18","author":"I Hutcheon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hutcheon, I. & Abercrombie, H. Carbon dioxide in clastic rocks and silicate hydrolysis. Geology 18, 541\u2013544 (1990).","journal-title":"Geology"},{"key":"85485_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2022.106011","volume":"147","author":"Z Lan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lan, Z. et al. A ca. 290\u00a0Ma hydrothermal calcite in Cambrian dolostone. Mar. Pet. Geol. 147, 106011 (2023).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2014.02.015","volume":"204","author":"YG Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu, Y. G., Wei, X., Luo, Z. Y., Liu, H. Q. & Cao, J. The early Permian Tarim large Igneous Province: main characteristics and a plume incubation model. Lithos 204, 20\u201335 (2014).","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"85485_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lithos.2014.02.007","volume":"204","author":"HQ Liu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu, H. Q. et al. Origin of two types of rhyolites in the Tarim large Igneous Province: consequences of incubation and melting of a mantle plume. Lithos 204, 59\u201372 (2014).","journal-title":"Lithos"},{"key":"85485_CR104","first-page":"455","volume":"34","author":"YI Pikovskii","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pikovskii, Y. I., Chernova, T. T., Alekseeva, T. A. & Kozin, I. S. New data on the composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sulfides and bottom sediments of the Guaymas Basin (Gulf of California). Geokhimiya 34, 455\u2013462 (1996).","journal-title":"Geokhimiya"},{"key":"85485_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2024.106982","volume":"167","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang, L. et al. Hydrothermal petroleum related to intracontinental magmatism in the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. Mar. Pet. Geol. 167, 106982 (2024).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2927(90)90033-2","volume":"5","author":"BM Didyk","year":"1990","unstructured":"Didyk, B. M. & Simoneit, B. R. T. Petroleum characteristics of the oil in a Guaymas Basin hydrothermal chimney. Appl. Geochem. 5, 29\u201340 (1990).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/0146-6380(84)90108-6","volume":"6","author":"BRT Simoneit","year":"1984","unstructured":"Simoneit, B. R. T. Hydrothermal effects on organic matter\u2014high vs low temperature components. Org. Geochem. 6, 857\u2013864 (1984).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-90569-3_16","volume-title":"Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate","author":"BRT Simoneit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Simoneit, B. R. T. Hydrothermal Petroleum. In Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate (ed. Wilkes, H.) 557\u2013591 (Springer International Publishing, 2020)."},{"key":"85485_CR109","first-page":"31","volume":"68","author":"Z Sofer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sofer, Z. Stable carbon isotope compositions of crude oils: application to source depositional environments and petroleum alteration. AAPG Bull. 68, 31\u201349 (1984).","journal-title":"AAPG Bull."},{"key":"85485_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(98)00180-6","volume":"29","author":"P Meulbroek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Meulbroek, P., Cathles, L. & Whelan, J. Phase fractionation at South Eugene Island Block 330. Org. Geochem. 29, 223\u2013239 (1998).","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2020.104280","volume":"115","author":"J Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao, J., Zou, C., Li, W., Ni, Y. & Yuan, Y. Transition metal catalysis in natural gas generation: evidence from nonhydrous pyrolysis experiment. Mar. Pet. Geol. 115, 104280 (2020).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-7037(92)90153-A","volume":"56","author":"FD Mango","year":"1992","unstructured":"Mango, F. D. Transition metal catalysis in the generation of petroleum and natural gas. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta  56, 553\u2013555 (1992).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10645","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.iecr.5b02953","volume":"54","author":"A Al-Marshed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Al-Marshed, A., Hart, A., Leeke, G., Greaves, M. & Wood, J. Effectiveness of different transition metal dispersed catalysts for in situ heavy oil upgrading. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 54, 10645\u201310655 (2015).","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"85485_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpetgeo.2018.05.015","volume":"96","author":"J Wendebourg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wendebourg, J., Biteau, J. J. & Grosjean, Y. Hydrodynamics and hydrocarbon trapping: concepts, pitfalls and insights from case studies. Mar. Pet. Geol. 96, 190\u2013201 (2018).","journal-title":"Mar. Pet. Geol."},{"key":"85485_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-2927(90)90039-8","volume":"5","author":"KA Kvenvolden","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kvenvolden, K. A., Rapp, J. B. & Hostettler, F. D. Hydrocarbon geochemistry of hydrothermally generated petroleum from Escanaba trough, offshore California, U.S.A. Appl. Geochem. 5, 83\u201391 (1990).","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"85485_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2010.11.029","volume":"301","author":"KH Williford","year":"2011","unstructured":"Williford, K. H., Grice, K., Logan, G. A., Chen, J. & Huston, D. The molecular and isotopic effects of hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in the Paleoproterozoic McArthur River Pb\/Zn\/Ag ore deposit. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 301, 382\u2013392 (2011).","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"85485_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2021.05.049","volume":"307","author":"H Xu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu, H. et al. Hydrothermal catalytic conversion and metastable equilibrium of organic compounds in the jinding Zn\/Pb ore deposit. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 307, 133\u2013150 (2021).","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"85485_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00312","volume":"4","author":"W Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, W. et al. Impacts of temperature and pH on the distribution of archaeal lipids in Yunnan Hot Springs, China. Front. Microbiol. 4, 1\u201313 (2013).","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"85485_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32593-x","volume":"8","author":"M Gonsior","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonsior, M. et al. Yellowstone Hot Springs are organic chemodiversity hot spots. Sci. Rep. 8, 14155 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85485_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1089\/ast.2019.2115","volume":"21","author":"AJ Williams","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williams, A. J. et al. Fatty acid preservation in modern and relict hot-spring deposits in Iceland, with implications for organics detection on Mars. Astrobiology 21, 60\u201382 (2020).","journal-title":"Astrobiology"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85485-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85485-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85485-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]],"date-time":"2025-01-12T09:17:06Z","timestamp":1736673426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85485-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"references-count":120,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-85485-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1759"}}