{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:32:03Z","timestamp":1793323923698,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85877-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T03:26:37Z","timestamp":1741836397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation associated with physical exercise can help smokers to quit smoking: a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giselma Alcantara","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas Chagas","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euclides Maur\u00edcio Trindade","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara Vieira","family":"Damasceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia","family":"Monte-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Ximenes-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"85877_CR1","unstructured":"WHO\/ World Health Organization. Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic 2021: Addressing new and Emerging Products. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO (World Health Organization, 2021)."},{"key":"85877_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0261-09.2009","volume":"29","author":"T Zhang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zhang, T. et al. Dopamine signaling differences in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum exploited by nicotine. J. Neurosci. 29, 4035\u20134043 (2009).","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"85877_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/scan\/nsx055","volume":"12","author":"L Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, L. et al. Electrical stimulation reduces smokers craving by modulating the coupling between dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 12, 1296\u20131302 (2017).","journal-title":"Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci."},{"key":"85877_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0105","volume":"69","author":"F Fregni","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fregni, F. et al. Cortical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex with transcranial direct current stimulation reduces cue-provoked smoking craving: a randomized, sham-controlled study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 69, 32\u201340 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"85877_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.016","volume":"194","author":"M Falcone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Falcone, M. et al. Lack of effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on short-term smoking cessation: results of a randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 194, 244\u2013251 (2019).","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"85877_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8724","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27057-1","volume":"8","author":"M Mondino","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mondino, M. et al. Effects of repeated transcranial direct current stimulation on smoking, craving and brain reactivity to smoking cues. Sci. Rep. 8, 8724 (2018).","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"85877_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H. et al. Effect of repeated anodal HD-tDCS on executive functions: evidence from a pilot and single-blinded fNIRS study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 14 (2021).","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2020.583730"},{"key":"85877_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0443-4","volume":"9","author":"M Fukai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fukai, M. et al. Endogenous dopamine release under transcranial direct-current stimulation governs enhanced attention: a study with positron emission tomography. Transl Psychiatry 9, 115 (2019).","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"85877_CR9","first-page":"2","volume":"18","author":"SJ Pelletier","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pelletier, S. J. et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of transcranial direct current stimulation: evidence from in vitro and in vivo models. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 18, 2 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"85877_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsche, M. A. & Paulus, W. Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans. Neurology 57(10), (2001).","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.10.1899"},{"key":"85877_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monte-Silva, K. et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain Stimul. 6(3), (2013).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.04.011"},{"key":"85877_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batsikadze, G. et al. Partially non-linear stimulation intensity-dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. J. Physiol. 591(7), (2013).","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730"},{"key":"85877_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talar, K. et al. The effects of aerobic exercise and transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res. Rev. 81, (2022).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101738"},{"key":"85877_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e110728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110728","volume":"9","author":"D Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang, D. et al. Impact of physical exercise on substance use disorders: a meta-analysis. PloS One 9, e110728 (2014).","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"85877_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flemmen, G. et al. High-intensity interval training in patients with substance use disorder. Biomed Res Int. 1\u20138 (2014).","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/616935"},{"key":"85877_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.02.004","volume":"47","author":"RA Brown","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brown, R. A. et al. A preliminary, randomized trial of aerobic exercise for alcohol dependence. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 47, 1\u20139 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"85877_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00534","volume":"12","author":"F Steinberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steinberg, F., Pixa, N. H. & Fregni, F. Review of Acute Aerobic Exercise and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation effects on cognitive functions and their potential synergies. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 12, 534 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"85877_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.214","volume":"41","author":"JF McClernon","year":"2016","unstructured":"McClernon, J. F. et al. Hippocampal and insular response to smoking-related environments: neuroimaging evidence for drug-context effects in nicotine dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 41, 877\u2013885 (2016).","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"85877_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.04.019","volume":"497","author":"RA Montenegro","year":"2011","unstructured":"Montenegro, R. A. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation influences the cardiac autonomic nervous control. Neurosci. Lett. 497, 32\u201336 (2011).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"85877_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00720","volume":"10","author":"C Ibrahim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ibrahim, C. et al. The insula: a brain stimulation target for the treatment of addiction. Front. Pharmacol. 10, 720 (2019).","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"85877_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamburin, S. et al. Smoking-related cue reactivity in a virtual reality setting: association between craving and EEG measures. Psychopharmacol. (Berl) 238, (2021).","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05733-3"},{"key":"85877_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Crawford, H.J., McClain-Furmanski, D., Castagnoli, N. Jr & Castagnoli, K. Enhancement of auditory sensory gating and stimulus-bound gamma band (40 Hz) oscillations in heavy tobacco smokers. Neurosci. Lett. 317(3), 151\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)02454-5 (2002).","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3940(01)02454-5"},{"key":"85877_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whittington, M. A. et al. Synchronized oscillations in interneuron networks driven by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Nature 373(6515), (1995).","DOI":"10.1038\/373612a0"},{"key":"85877_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty009","volume":"21","author":"CA Conklin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conklin, C. A. et al. Combined smoking cues enhance reactivity and predict immediate subsequent smoking. Nicotine Tob. Res. 21, 241\u2013248 (2019).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"85877_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntaa147","volume":"23","author":"JM Betts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Betts, J. M. et al. A meta-analysis of cue reactivity in tobacco cigarette smokers. Nicotine Tob. Res. 23, 249\u2013258 (2021).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"85877_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0775-0","volume":"10","author":"X Lin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lin, X. et al. Neural substrates of smoking and reward cue reactivity in smokers: a meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Transl Psychiatry 10, 97 (2020).","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"85877_CR27","first-page":"73","volume":"59","author":"JT Carmo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carmo, J. T. & Pueyo, A. A. A adapta\u00e7\u00e3o do portugu\u00eas do Fagerstr\u00f6m test for nicotine dependence (FTND) para avaliar a depend\u00eancia e toler\u00e2ncia \u00e0 Nicotina em fumantes brasileiros. Rev. Bras. Med. 59, 73\u201380 (2002).","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Med."},{"key":"85877_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thewissen, R. et al. Renewal of cue-elicited urge to smoke: implications for cue exposure treatment. Behav. Res. Ther. 44(10),. (2006).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.10.010"},{"key":"85877_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, C. et al. Smoking-related videos for use in cue-induced craving aradigms. Addict. Behav. 32(12), (2007).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.07.010"},{"key":"85877_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferguson, S. G. et al. The relevance and treatment of cue-induced cravings in tobacco dependence. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 36(3), (2009).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.06.005"},{"key":"85877_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, R. B. et al. Valida\u00e7\u00e3o Da vers\u00e3o Brasileira do Questionnaire of Smoking urges-brief. Arquivos Cl\u00ednicos De Psiquiatria (2007).","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-60832007000400002"},{"key":"85877_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McConnaughy, E. A. et al. Stages of change in psychotherapy: A follow-up report. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 26(4), 494\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0085468 (1989).","DOI":"10.1037\/h0085468"},{"key":"85877_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000316","volume":"33","author":"JN Acharya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Acharya, J. N. et al. American clinical neurophysiology society guideline 2: guidelines for standard electrode position nomenclature. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 33, 308\u2013311 (2016).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"85877_CR34","first-page":"404","volume":"3","author":"SM Fox","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fox, S. M. et al. Physical activity and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Ann. Clin. Res. 3, 404\u2013432 (1971).","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Res."},{"key":"85877_CR35","unstructured":"ACSM. Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. (Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014)."},{"key":"85877_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2118","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182602a00","volume":"44","author":"GS Zavorsky","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zavorsky, G. S. et al. Increased carbon monoxide clearance during exercise in humans. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 44, 2118\u20132124 (2012).","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"85877_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020528","volume":"17","author":"K Pan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pan, K., Leonardi, G. S. & Croxford, B. Factors contributing to CO uptake and elimination in the body: a critical review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 17, 528 (2020).","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"85877_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400604","volume":"94","author":"I Blumenthal","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blumenthal, I. Carbon monoxide poisoning. J. R Soc. Med. 94, 270\u2013272 (2001).","journal-title":"J. R Soc. Med."},{"key":"85877_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1944.141.1.17","volume":"141","author":"FJW Roughton","year":"1944","unstructured":"Roughton, F. J. W. & Darling, R. C. The effect of carbon monoxide on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve. Am. J. Physiol. 141, 17\u201331 (1944).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"85877_CR40","unstructured":"Strain, T. et al. National, regional, and global trends in insufficient physical activity among adults from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 507 population-based surveys with 5\u00b77 million participants. Lancet Global Health, 12(8), (2024)."},{"key":"85877_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vangeli, E. et al. Predictors of attempts to stop smoking and their success in adult general population samples: a systematic review. Addict. (Abingdon England) 106(12), (2011).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03565.x"},{"key":"85877_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S. H. et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may reduce the expired CO concentration among opioid users who smoke cigarettes: a randomized sham-controlled study. Psychiatry Res. 299, (2021).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113874"},{"key":"85877_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borgne-Krams, A. L. et al. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on tobacco consumption: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Eur. Respir. J. 46, 1873 (2015).","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2015.PA1873"},{"key":"85877_CR44","unstructured":"WHO\/World Health Organization. Smoking and COVID-19: Scientific brief (World Health Organization, Geneva, 2020)."},{"key":"85877_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allen, A. M. et al. Effect of brief exercise on urges to smoke in men and women smokers. Addict. Behav. 77, (2018).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.09.009"},{"key":"85877_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539510370991","volume":"24","author":"G Hwang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hwang, G. et al. Smoking cessation intervention using stepwise exercise incentives for male workers in the workplace. Asia Pac. J. Public. Health 24, 82\u201390 (2012).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"85877_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, W. et al. Does aerobic exercise mitigate the effects of cigarette smoking on arterial stiffness? J. Clin. Hypertens. (Greenwich) 16, (2014).","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12385"},{"key":"85877_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vainshelboim, B. et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Lung Cancer incidence, and Cancer Mortality in male smokers. Am. J. Prev. Med. 57, (2019).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.04.020"},{"key":"85877_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.41.4.6","volume":"41","author":"MD Blank","year":"2017","unstructured":"Blank, M. D. et al. Physical activity and quit motivation moderators of adolescent smoking reduction. Am. J. Health Behav. 41, 419\u2013427 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Health Behav."},{"key":"85877_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, G. et al. The effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Aerobic Exercise on Pain Thresholds and Electroencephalography in healthy adults. Pain Med. 822(9), (2021).","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab037"},{"key":"85877_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683211019344","volume":"35","author":"NR Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","year":"2021","unstructured":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o, N. R. et al. Aerobic exercise combined with transcranial direct current stimulation over the prefrontal cortex in parkinson disease: effects on cortical activity, gait, and cognition. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 35, 717\u2013728 (2021).","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair."},{"key":"85877_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prathum, T. et al. Effects of home-based dual-hemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation combined with exercise on upper and lower limb motor performance in patients with chronic stroke. Disabil. Rehabil 15, (2021).","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2021.1891464"},{"key":"85877_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2011.11.008","volume":"58","author":"RA Montenegro","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montenegro, R. A. et al. Prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation associated with aerobic exercise change aspects of appetite sensation in overweight adults. Appetite 58, 333\u2013338 (2012).","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"85877_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1738927","volume":"20","author":"A Cardenas-Rojas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cardenas-Rojas, A. et al. Noninvasive brain stimulation combined with exercise in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev. Neurother. 20, 401\u2013412 (2020).","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"85877_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648354","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.648354","volume":"15","author":"B Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, B. et al. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with physical training on the excitability of the motor cortex, physical performance, and motor learning: a systematic review. Front. Neurosci. 15, 648354 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"85877_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12733","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12733","volume":"25","author":"C Allenby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allenby, C. et al. Neural cue reactivity during acute abstinence predicts short-term smoking relapse. Addict. Biol. 25, e12733 (2020).","journal-title":"Addict. Biol."},{"key":"85877_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz114","volume":"142","author":"J Bu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bu, J. et al. Effect of deactivation of activity patterns related to smoking cue reactivity on nicotine addiction. Brain 142, 1827\u20131841 (2019).","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"85877_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patterson, J. G. et al. Psychosocial factors influencing smoking relapse among youth experiencing homelessness: a qualitative study. PLoS ONE 17(7) (2022).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270665"},{"key":"85877_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102482","volume":"36","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, Z., Huang, M., Chen, T. Probability and predictors of long-term smoking relapse among Chinese adult smokers: Alongitudinal study. Prev. Med. Rep. 36, 102482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pmedr.2023.102482 (2023).\u00a0","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"85877_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lasogga, L. et al. Meta-analysis of variance in tDCS effects on response inhibition. Sci. Rep. 14, 19197. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-70065-7 (2024).","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-70065-7"},{"key":"85877_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbv076","volume":"42","author":"S Dollfus","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dollfus, S. et al. Placebo response in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation trials of treatment of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 42, 301\u2013308 (2016).","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull."},{"key":"85877_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fecteau, S. et al. Modulation of smoking and decision-making behaviors with transcranial direct current stimulation in tobacco smokers: a preliminary study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 140, (2014).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.036"},{"key":"85877_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boggio, P. S. et al. Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving. Neurosci. Lett. 463(1), (2009).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.07.041"},{"key":"85877_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berger, V. W. et al. Randomization Innovative Design Scientific Working Group. A roadmap to using randomization in clinical trials. BMC Med. Res. Methodol. 21(1), (2021).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-021-01303-z"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85877-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85877-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85877-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T03:26:51Z","timestamp":1741836411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-85877-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["85877"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-85877-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was performed in accordance with the resolutions of the Brazilian National Health Council and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), number 2.896.666 15\/09\/2018.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"All volunteers were previously informed about the objectives of the study, as well as the possible risks, discomforts and benefits from their participation and received the Informed Consent Form to read it and sign it.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"8623"}}