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We aimed to investigate the effects of Hp-induced Tregs on bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis and clarify the role of the Th17\/Treg balance in SSc fibrosis. Infection with Hp suppressed the development of bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis and the infiltration of CD3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and CD68\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that Hp infection increased Tregs and inhibited the induction of bleomycin-induced Th17 cells. Treg depletion nullified these effects, suggesting that Hp-induced Tregs may prevent bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis and inflammation. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota showed that bacteria positively correlated with Tregs exhibited a negative correlation with Th17 cells and dermal fibrosis in mice. SSc patients with severe fibrosis displayed a distinct microbiota profile. These results suggest that alterations in the intestinal microbiota may contribute to the Th17\/Treg imbalance in SSc and its progression. Enhancing Tregs to regulate the Th17\/Treg imbalance may present a promising strategy for suppressing fibrosis in SSc.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85895-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]],"date-time":"2025-01-09T02:19:15Z","timestamp":1736389155000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Inhibition of skin fibrosis via regulation of Th17\/Treg imbalance in systemic sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Akiko","family":"Sekiguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chikako","family":"Shimokawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamotsu","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiko","family":"Uchiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoko","family":"Yokoyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachiko","family":"Ogino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoko","family":"Torii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Hisaeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sei-ichiro","family":"Motegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"85895_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30933-9","volume":"390","author":"CP Denton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Denton, C. 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