{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:53:06Z","timestamp":1790369586025,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Project of the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission","award":["21I10124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21I10124"]}]},{"name":"the Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China","award":["21&ZD187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21&ZD187"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87516-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T16:19:26Z","timestamp":1737649166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The longitudinal association between multiple cardiometabolic diseases, socioeconomic status, and depressive symptoms in China"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dan","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanshang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoxi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanwei","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"87516_CR1","unstructured":"Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). Nov, (2022). http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/gbd-results-tool?params=gbd-api-2019-permalink\/d780dffbe8a381b25e1416884959e88b. Accessed 01."},{"key":"87516_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.050","volume":"293","author":"T Tang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tang, T., Jiang, J. & Tang, X. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among older adults in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 293, 379\u2013390 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"87516_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22750","volume":"35","author":"I Colman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Colman, I. et al. Depressive and anxious symptoms and 20-year mortality: evidence from the Stirling County study. Depress. Anxiety. 35 (7), 638\u2013647 (2018).","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"issue":"6","key":"87516_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.1069","volume":"24","author":"RJ Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson, R. J., Freedland, K. E., Clouse, R. E. & Lustman, P. J. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 24 (6), 1069\u20131078 (2001).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"87516_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15030363","volume":"173","author":"RG Robinson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Robinson, R. G. & Jorge, R. E. Post-stroke Depression: a review. Am. J. Psychiatry. 173 (3), 221\u2013231 (2016).","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"87516_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12385","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12385","volume":"12","author":"D Villarreal-Zegarra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Villarreal-Zegarra, D. & Bernabe-Ortiz, A. Association between arterial hypertension and depressive symptoms: results from population-based surveys in Peru. Asia Pac. Psychiatry. 12 (2), e12385 (2020).","journal-title":"Asia Pac. Psychiatry"},{"key":"87516_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.002","volume":"252","author":"Y Jin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jin, Y., Luo, Y. & He, P. Hypertension, socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: findings from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. J. Affect. Disord. 252, 237\u2013244 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"87516_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.07.026","volume":"240","author":"Y Luo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luo, Y., Zhu, D., Shi, X., Nicholas, S. & He, P. Education as a moderator in the effect of diabetes on depressive symptoms in Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a population-based longitudinal study. J. Affect. Disord. 240, 41\u201347 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02710-z","volume":"21","author":"X Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, X. et al. Sarcopenia and coronary heart disease synergistically increase the risk of new onset depressive symptoms in older adults. BMC Geriatr. 21 (1), 731 (2021).","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"87516_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.04.005","volume":"90","author":"J Das","year":"2018","unstructured":"Das, J. & G, K. R. Post stroke depression: the sequelae of cerebral stroke. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 90, 104\u2013114 (2018).","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"87516_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2020-000693","volume":"6","author":"Y Qiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Qiao, Y. et al. Role of depressive symptoms in cardiometabolic diseases and subsequent transitions to all-cause mortality: an application of multistate models in a prospective cohort study. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 6 (4), 511\u2013518 (2021).","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol."},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys203","volume":"43","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Hu, Y., Smith, J. P., Strauss, J. & Yang, G. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int. J. Epidemiol. 43 (1), 61\u201368 (2014).","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"87516_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.09.028","volume":"120","author":"X Lei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lei, X., Sun, X., Strauss, J., Zhang, P. & Zhao, Y. Depressive symptoms and SES among the mid-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study national baseline. Soc. Sci. Med. 120, 224\u2013232 (2014).","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"87516_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<608::AID-GPS991>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"14","author":"KW Boey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Boey, K. W. Cross-validation of a short form of the CES-D in Chinese elderly. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 14 (8), 608\u2013617 (1999).","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"87516_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002","volume":"44","author":"A American Diabetes","year":"2021","unstructured":"American Diabetes, A. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 44 (Suppl 1), S15\u2013S33 (2021).","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"15","author":"Joint committee for guideline r","year":"2018","unstructured":"Joint committee for guideline r. 2016 Chinese guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia in adults. J. Geriatr. Cardiol. 15 (1), 1\u201329 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"87516_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.030","volume":"301","author":"ZT Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang, Z. T. et al. Patterns of cardiometabolic multimorbidity and the risk of depressive symptoms in a longitudinal cohort of middle-aged and older Chinese. J. Affect. Disord. 301, 1\u20137 (2022).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"87516_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.10.041","volume":"130","author":"J Wiltink","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wiltink, J. et al. Prevalence of distress, comorbid conditions and well being in the general population. J. Affect. Disord. 130 (3), 429\u2013437 (2011).","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"key":"87516_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904876","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.904876","volume":"10","author":"L Gong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gong, L. et al. Association between single and multiple cardiometabolic diseases and depression: a cross-sectional study of 391,083 participants from the UK biobank. Front. Public. Health. 10, 904876 (2022).","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"87516_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2017.09.022","volume":"47","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Chen, Y. & Ma, L. Depression and cardiovascular disease in elderly: current understanding. J. Clin. Neurosci. 47, 1\u20135 (2018).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"issue":"2","key":"87516_CR21","first-page":"2923","volume":"8","author":"L Ma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ma, L. et al. Risk factors for depression among elderly subjects with hypertension living at home in China. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 8 (2), 2923\u20132928 (2015).","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"87516_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00134-5","volume":"3","author":"CD Moulton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moulton, C. D., Pickup, J. C. & Ismail, K. The link between depression and diabetes: the search for shared mechanisms. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 3 (6), 461\u2013471 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"87516_CR23","unstructured":"WHO. Social determinants of health. (2024). https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1. Accessed November 10th."},{"key":"87516_CR24","unstructured":"Elder, G. H. & Giele, J. Z. The Craft of life Course Research (Guilford Press, 2009)."},{"issue":"21","key":"87516_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25975","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025975","volume":"100","author":"Q Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang, Q. et al. Health literacy and its socio-demographic risk factors in Hebei: a cross-sectional survey. Med. (Baltim). 100 (21), e25975 (2021).","journal-title":"Med. (Baltim)."},{"issue":"2","key":"87516_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/10.2.140","volume":"10","author":"JJ Jackson","year":"1970","unstructured":"Jackson, J. J. Aged negroes: their cultural departures from statistical stereotypes and rural-urban differences. Gerontologist 10 (2), 140\u2013145 (1970).","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146514521215","volume":"55","author":"EJ Denise","year":"2014","unstructured":"Denise, E. J. Multiple disadvantaged statuses and health: the role of multiple forms of discrimination. J. Health Soc. Behav. 55 (1), 3\u201319 (2014).","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"87516_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08111.x","volume":"896","author":"A Baum","year":"1999","unstructured":"Baum, A., Garofalo, J. P. & Yali, A. M. Socioeconomic status and chronic stress. Does stress account for SES effects on health? Ann. N Y Acad. Sci. 896, 131\u2013144 (1999).","journal-title":"Ann. N Y Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5806-x","volume":"18","author":"A Gheorghe","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gheorghe, A. et al. The economic burden of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMC Public. Health. 18 (1), 975 (2018).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"87516_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10929","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.162086599","volume":"99","author":"DP Goldman","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goldman, D. P. & Smith, J. P. Can patient self-management help explain the SES health gradient? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A. 99 (16), 10929\u201310934 (2002).","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-020-01540-8","volume":"18","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, Y. et al. Socioeconomic status, social capital, health risk behaviors, and health-related quality of life among Chinese older adults. Health Qual. Life Outcomes. 18 (1), 291 (2020).","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2020-214050","volume":"75","author":"YB Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang, Y. B. et al. Combined lifestyle factors, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 75 (1), 92\u201399 (2021).","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"87516_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01306-w","volume":"11","author":"Z Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao, Z. et al. Polygenic risk score, healthy lifestyles, and risk of incident depression. Transl Psychiatry. 11 (1), 189 (2021).","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"87516_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, J., Zheng, J., Xu, L. & Wu, H. Equity of Health Services Utilisation and expenditure among Urban and rural residents under Universal Health Coverage. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health ;18(2), 593 (2021).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020593"},{"key":"87516_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, S. et al. Increased Inequalities in Health Resource and Access to Health Care in Rural China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 16(1), 49 (2018).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010049"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87516-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87516-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87516-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,24]],"date-time":"2025-01-24T02:27:16Z","timestamp":1737685636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87516-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["87516"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-87516-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 December 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Study protocol carried out in this study is followed in accordance with the ethical guidelines laid down as per the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Peking University biomedical ethics committee approval (Ethical Approval Number: IRB00001052-11015), and written informed consent was obtained from either the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Dan Guo, Yanshang Wang: drafting the manuscript, study design, data analysis and interpretation. Yanan Zhao, Ruoxi Ding, Yanan Luo and Wanwei Dai: drafting the manuscript and critical revision of article for important intellectual content. Ping He: study concept and design, critical revision of article, and supervised the whole process of this work. All authors critically revised successive drafts of the paper and approved the final version.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"CRediT authorship contribution statement"}},{"value":"The authors have no possible conflicts of interest to declare.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"CRediT authorship contribution statement"}}],"article-number":"2971"}}