{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T08:37:59Z","timestamp":1775810279487,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL137763; K25HL121149"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL137763; K25HL121149"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["13BGIA16720014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13BGIA16720014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87747-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T16:31:27Z","timestamp":1739205087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging based calf muscle perfusion and machine learning in peripheral artery disease"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bijen","family":"Khagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Belousova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina M.","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Addison A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Bismuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dipan J.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"87747_CR1","unstructured":"Association, A. H. American Heart Association. ( March 15). Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD). American Heart Association. https:\/\/www.heart.org\/en\/health-topics\/peripheral-artery-disease. (2022)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-87747_CR2.1","unstructured":"Zemaitis, M. R., Boll, J. M. & Dreyer, M. A. Peripheral arterial disease. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing Copyright \u00a9 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.: Treasure Island"},{"key":"#cr-split#-87747_CR2.2","unstructured":"(FL) ineligible companies. Disclosure: Julia Boll declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. Disclosure: Mark Dreyer declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies. (2023)."},{"key":"87747_CR3","unstructured":"Creager, M. A. & Loscalzo, J. Arterial diseases of the extremities.  In Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine, 20e.  J.L. Jameson, et al., Editors. (McGraw-Hill Education: New York, NY,  2018)."},{"issue":"6","key":"87747_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199202063260605","volume":"326","author":"MH Criqui","year":"1992","unstructured":"Criqui, M. H. et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 326 (6), 381\u2013386 (1992).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"87747_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.842328","volume":"120","author":"MM McDermott","year":"2009","unstructured":"McDermott, M. M. et al. Pathophysiological changes in calf muscle predict mobility loss at 2-year follow-up in men and women with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 120 (12), 1048\u20131055 (2009).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"87747_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e657","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000708","volume":"140","author":"S Misra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Misra, S. et al. Perfusion assessment in critical limb ischemia: principles for understanding and the development of evidence and evaluation of devices: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 140 (12), e657\u2013e672 (2019).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"87747_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.87.2.413","volume":"87","author":"JG Regensteiner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Regensteiner, J. G. et al. Chronic changes in skeletal muscle histology and function in peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 87 (2), 413\u2013421 (1993).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"87747_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.120.313831","volume":"40","author":"MM McDermott","year":"2020","unstructured":"McDermott, M. M. et al. Skeletal muscle pathology in peripheral artery disease: a brief review. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 40 (11), 2577\u20132585 (2020).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"87747_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2007.01092.x","volume":"55","author":"MM McDermott","year":"2007","unstructured":"McDermott, M. M. et al. Lower extremity ischemia, calf skeletal muscle characteristics, and functional impairment in peripheral arterial disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 55 (3), 400\u2013406 (2007).","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"issue":"2","key":"87747_CR10","first-page":"63","volume":"5","author":"DP Zipes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zipes, D. P. Braunwald\u2019s heart disease: a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. BMH Med. J.  ISSN 2348\u2013392X 5 (2), 63\u201363 (2018).","journal-title":"BMH Med. Journal-ISSN 2348\u2013392X"},{"issue":"2","key":"87747_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20535","volume":"54","author":"RB Thompson","year":"2005","unstructured":"Thompson, R. B. et al. Measurement of skeletal muscle perfusion during postischemic reactive hyperemia using contrast-enhanced MRI with a step\u2010input function. Magn. Reson. Med. Off. J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 54 (2), 289\u2013298 (2005).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Medicine: Official J. Int. Soc. Magn. Reson. Med."},{"issue":"25","key":"87747_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.605717","volume":"113","author":"HP Ledermann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ledermann, H. P. et al. Blood oxygenation level\u2013dependent magnetic resonance imaging of the skeletal muscle in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Circulation 113 (25), 2929\u20132935 (2006).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"87747_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-016-1457-1","volume":"54","author":"G Brunner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brunner, G. et al. Calf muscle perfusion as measured with magnetic resonance imaging to assess peripheral arterial disease. Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 54 (11), 1667\u20131681 (2016).","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"87747_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pollak, A. W. et al. Arterial Spin Labeling MR Imaging Reproducibly Measures Peak-Exercise Calf Muscle Perfusion: A Study in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease and Healthy Volunteers  5 (12), 1224\u20131230 (Cardiovascular Imaging, 2012).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2012.03.022"},{"key":"87747_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2016.09.013","volume":"183","author":"BA Venkatesh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Venkatesh, B. A. et al. Baseline assessment and comparison of arterial anatomy, hyperemic flow, and skeletal muscle perfusion in peripheral artery disease: the cardiovascular cell therapy research network patients with intermittent claudication injected with ALDH Bright cells (CCTRN PACE) study. Am. Heart J. 183, 24\u201334 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"issue":"3","key":"87747_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e027649","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027649","volume":"12","author":"OA Gimnich","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gimnich, O. A. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-derived microvascular perfusion modeling to assess peripheral artery disease. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 12 (3), e027649 (2023).","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"87747_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2023.11.014","volume":"106","author":"B Khagi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khagi, B. et al. A machine learning-based approach to identify peripheral artery disease using texture features from contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Magn. Reson. Imaging  106, 31\u201342 (2024).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"87747_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2022.06.060","volume":"181","author":"OA Gimnich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gimnich, O. A. et al. Comparison of longitudinal skeletal thigh muscle findings with magnetic resonance imaging in patients with peripheral artery disease with-versus-without diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Cardiol. 181, 130\u2013138 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"suppl_1","key":"87747_CR19","first-page":"A16715","volume":"134","author":"J Holbrook","year":"2016","unstructured":"Holbrook, J. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging based arterial signal enhancement is associated with markers of peripheral artery disease. Circulation 134 (suppl_1), A16715\u2013A16715 (2016).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"87747_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2020.10.049","volume":"140","author":"OA Gimnich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gimnich, O. A. et al. Relation of magnetic resonance imaging based arterial signal enhancement to markers of peripheral artery disease. Am. J. Cardiol. 140, 140\u2013147 (2021).","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"87747_CR21","first-page":"343","volume":"1","author":"JR Lindner","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lindner, J. R. et al. Limb stress-rest perfusion imaging with contrast ultrasound for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease severity. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging  1 (3), 343\u2013350 (2008).","journal-title":"JACC: Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"87747_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.06.025","volume":"93","author":"OA Gimnich","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gimnich, O. A. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging based modeling of microvascular perfusion in patients with peripheral artery disease. J. Biomech. 93, 147\u2013158 (2019).","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"issue":"8","key":"87747_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2011.02.033","volume":"29","author":"G Brunner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brunner, G. et al. Automatic quantification of muscle volumes in magnetic resonance imaging scans of the lower extremities. Magn. Reson. Imaging  29 (8), 1065\u20131075 (2011).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"87747_CR24","unstructured":"Smith, S. T. MATLAB: Advanced GUI Development (Dog ear publishing, 2006)."},{"key":"87747_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arai, A. E. Magnetic resonance first-pass myocardial perfusion imaging. Top. Magn. Reson. Imaging 11 (6) 383\u2009\u2013\u200998.     (2000).","DOI":"10.1097\/00002142-200012000-00007"},{"issue":"2","key":"87747_CR26","first-page":"e0212110","volume":"14","author":"T L\u00f6fstedt","year":"2019","unstructured":"L\u00f6fstedt, T. & Brynolfsson, P. Gray-level Invariant Haralick Texture Features 14 (2)   e0212110. (2019).","journal-title":"Gray-level Invariant Haralick Texture Features"},{"key":"87747_CR27","unstructured":"Shapiro, L. G. Computer and Robot Vision (Addison-Wesley, 1992)."},{"issue":"1","key":"87747_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/234313.234346","volume":"28","author":"JR Quinlan","year":"1996","unstructured":"Quinlan, J. R. Learning decision tree classifiers. ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)  28 (1), 71\u201372 (1996).","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv. (CSUR)"},{"issue":"1","key":"87747_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H201","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00537.2018","volume":"316","author":"JL Zhang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang, J. L. et al. Exercise-induced calf muscle hyperemia: quantitative mapping with low-dose dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 316 (1), H201\u2013h211 (2019).","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"87747_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.08.003","volume":"93","author":"A Sinharoy","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinharoy, A. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging based superficial femoral artery velocity measurements in peripheral artery disease. Magn. Reson. Imaging 93, 128\u2013134 (2022).","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"87747_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1148040","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1148040","volume":"10","author":"MV Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh, M. V. & Dokun, A. O. Diabetes mellitus in peripheral artery disease: beyond a risk factor. Front. Cardiovasc. Med. 10, 1148040 (2023).","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"87747_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26841","volume":"51","author":"AJ Bakermans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakermans, A. J. et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance measurements of calf muscle oxygenation and energy metabolism in peripheral artery disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging  51 (1), 98\u2013107 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87747-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87747-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87747-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T16:31:37Z","timestamp":1739205097000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-87747-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["87747"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-87747-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 February 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"4996"}}