{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:47:50Z","timestamp":1782823670014,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sci Rep"],"DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-88253-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T20:47:00Z","timestamp":1769114820000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Early age at smoking initiation is associated with elevated cardiovascular disease and mortality risk in a nationwide population-based cohort"],"prefix":"10.1038","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jung Hun","family":"Koh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungdo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minsang","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Min","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sehyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soojin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaerim","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyuk","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong Geun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunjeong","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwon Wook","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong Ki","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sehoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"88253_CR1","volume-title":"The health consequences of smoking\u201350 years of progress: a report of the surgeon general","author":"United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General","year":"2014","unstructured":"United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. The Health Consequences of smoking\u201350 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, 2014)."},{"key":"88253_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4","volume":"403","author":"GBDRF Collaborators","year":"2024","unstructured":"Collaborators, G. B. D. R. F. Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403, 2162\u20132203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00933-4 (2024).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"88253_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265","volume":"24","author":"H He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He, H. et al. Health effects of Tobacco at the Global, Regional, and national levels: results from the 2019 global burden of Disease Study. Nicotine Tob. Res. 24, 864\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntab265 (2022).","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"88253_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.23.471","volume":"57","author":"E Cheon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cheon, E. et al. Smoking-attributable mortality in Korea, 2020: a Meta-analysis of 4 databases. J. Prev. Med. Public. Health. 57, 327\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3961\/jpmph.23.471 (2024).","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Public. Health"},{"key":"88253_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300156","volume":"34","author":"B Messner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Messner, B. & Bernhard, D. Smoking and cardiovascular disease: mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and early atherogenesis. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol. 34, 509\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/ATVBAHA.113.300156 (2014).","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol."},{"key":"88253_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001123","volume":"147","author":"CW Tsao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tsao, C. W. et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 update: a Report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 147, e93\u2013e621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001123 (2023).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"88253_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1617-5","volume":"15","author":"CM Chang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chang, C. M., Corey, C. G., Rostron, B. L. & Apelberg, B. J. Systematic review of cigar smoking and all cause and smoking related mortality. BMC Public. Health. 15, 390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-015-1617-5 (2015).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"88253_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/s0033-0620(03)00079-3","volume":"46","author":"DM Burns","year":"2003","unstructured":"Burns, D. M. Epidemiology of smoking-induced cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc. Dis. 46, 11\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0033-0620(03)00079-3 (2003).","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"88253_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/08958378.2018.1443174","volume":"30","author":"PN Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee, P. N. Tar level of cigarettes smoked and risk of smoking-related diseases. Inhal Toxicol. 30, 5\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08958378.2018.1443174 (2018).","journal-title":"Inhal Toxicol."},{"key":"88253_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j5855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5855","volume":"360","author":"A Hackshaw","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hackshaw, A., Morris, J. K., Boniface, S., Tang, J. L. & Milenkovic, D. Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports. BMJ 360, j5855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.j5855 (2018).","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"88253_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215","volume":"111","author":"J Barnoya","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barnoya, J. & Glantz, S. A. Cardiovascular effects of secondhand smoke: nearly as large as smoking. Circulation 111, 2684\u20132698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.492215 (2005).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"88253_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202002-133VP","volume":"17","author":"RA Pleasants","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pleasants, R. A., Rivera, M. P., Tilley, S. L. & Bhatt, S. P. Both duration and pack-years of Tobacco Smoking should be used for clinical practice and research. Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc. 17, 804\u2013806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202002-133VP (2020).","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"88253_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0863","volume":"15","author":"JH Lubin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lubin, J. H. & Caporaso, N. E. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer: modeling total exposure and intensity. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 15, 517\u2013523. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0863 (2006).","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"88253_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018431","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.018431","volume":"9","author":"B Thomson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomson, B. et al. Childhood Smoking, Adult Cessation, and Cardiovascular Mortality: prospective study of 390 000 US adults. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 9, e018431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.120.018431 (2020).","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"88253_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.12.009","volume":"53","author":"SH Choi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Choi, S. H. & Stommel, M. Impact of age at smoking initiation on smoking-related morbidity and all-cause mortality. Am. J. Prev. Med. 53, 33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.12.009 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"88253_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.036","volume":"52","author":"SH Nash","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nash, S. H., Liao, L. M., Harris, T. B. & Freedman, N. D. Cigarette smoking and mortality in adults aged 70 years and older: results from the NIH-AARP Cohort. Am. J. Prev. Med. 52, 276\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2016.09.036 (2017).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"88253_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e336","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000443","volume":"134","author":"G Raghuveer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Raghuveer, G. et al. Cardiovascular consequences of Childhood Secondhand Tobacco smoke exposure: prevailing evidence, Burden, and racial and socioeconomic disparities: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 134, e336\u2013e359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000443 (2016).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"88253_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3397","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270492","volume":"593","author":"M Yuan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuan, M., Cross, S. J., Loughlin, S. E. & Leslie, F. M. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. J. Physiol. 593, 3397\u20133412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1113\/JP270492 (2015).","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"88253_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e850","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30221-7","volume":"8","author":"B Thomson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Thomson, B. et al. Association of childhood smoking and adult mortality: prospective study of 120 000 Cuban adults. Lancet Glob Health. 8, e850\u2013e857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30221-7 (2020).","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"88253_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.022","volume":"124","author":"M Fa-Binefa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fa-Binefa, M. et al. Early smoking-onset age and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Prev. Med. 124, 17\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.04.022 (2019).","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"88253_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.4070\/kcj.2022.0179","volume":"53","author":"CY Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim, C. Y. et al. The Association of Smoking Status and Clustering of Obesity and depression on the risk of early-onset Cardiovascular Disease in Young adults: a Nationwide Cohort Study. Korean Circ. J. 53, 17\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4070\/kcj.2022.0179 (2023).","journal-title":"Korean Circ. J."},{"key":"88253_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr391","volume":"175","author":"RR Huxley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huxley, R. R. et al. Impact of age at smoking initiation, dosage, and time since quitting on cardiovascular disease in African americans and whites: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 175, 816\u2013826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwr391 (2012).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"88253_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.17.2037","volume":"299","author":"SA Kenfield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kenfield, S. A., Stampfer, M. J., Rosner, B. A. & Colditz, G. A. Smoking and smoking cessation in relation to mortality in women. JAMA 299, 2037\u20132047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.299.17.2037 (2008).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"88253_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.09.010","volume":"81","author":"R Nance","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nance, R. et al. Smoking intensity (pack\/day) is a better measure than pack-years or smoking status for modeling cardiovascular disease outcomes. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 81, 111\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2016.09.010 (2017).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"88253_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-023-02812-y","volume":"56","author":"T Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang, T. et al. Age at smoking initiation and smoking cessation influence the incidence of stroke in China: a 10-year follow-up study. J. Thromb. Thrombolysis. 56, 175\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11239-023-02812-y (2023).","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"88253_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0225909","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225909","volume":"14","author":"I Rissanen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rissanen, I., Oura, P., Paananen, M., Miettunen, J. & Geerlings, M. I. Smoking trajectories and risk of stroke until age of 50 years - the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. PLoS One. 14, e0225909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0225909 (2019).","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"88253_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0193","volume":"46","author":"MK Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, M. K., Han, K. & Lee, S. H. Current trends of Big Data Research Using the Korean National Health Information Database. Diabetes Metab. J. 46, 552\u2013563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2022.0193 (2022).","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"88253_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jeong, H. G. et al. Physical activity frequency and the risk of stroke: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 6 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.117.005671 (2017).","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.005671"},{"key":"88253_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","volume":"120","author":"KG Alberti","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alberti, K. G. et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120, 1640\u20131645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644 (2009).","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"88253_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf122","volume":"156","author":"K Leffondre","year":"2002","unstructured":"Leffondre, K., Abrahamowicz, M., Siemiatycki, J. & Rachet, B. Modeling smoking history: a comparison of different approaches. Am. J. Epidemiol. 156, 813\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/aje\/kwf122 (2002).","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"88253_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100371","volume":"12","author":"ME Makover","year":"2022","unstructured":"Makover, M. E., Shapiro, M. D. & Toth, P. P. There is urgent need to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk earlier, more intensively, and with greater precision: a review of current practice and recommendations for improved effectiveness. Am. J. Prev. Cardiol. 12, 100371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100371 (2022).","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"88253_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/CMRVH.S29964","volume":"7","author":"R Shrestha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shrestha, R. & Copenhaver, M. Long-Term effects of Childhood Risk factors on Cardiovascular Health during Adulthood. Clin. Med. Rev. Vasc Health. 7, 1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4137\/CMRVH.S29964 (2015).","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Rev. Vasc Health"},{"key":"88253_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.17.2277","volume":"290","author":"OT Raitakari","year":"2003","unstructured":"Raitakari, O. T. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young finns Study. JAMA 290, 2277\u20132283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.290.17.2277 (2003).","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"88253_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2109191","volume":"386","author":"DR Jacobs Jr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jacobs, D. R. Jr. et al. Childhood Cardiovascular Risk factors and Adult Cardiovascular events. N Engl. J. Med. 386, 1877\u20131888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2109191 (2022).","journal-title":"N Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"88253_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2019022","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19022","volume":"3","author":"JL Barrington-Trimis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barrington-Trimis, J. L. et al. Trends in the age of cigarette smoking initiation among young adults in the US from 2002 to 2018. JAMA Netw. Open. 3, e2019022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19022 (2020).","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"key":"88253_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.7.4.409","volume":"7","author":"SL Tyas","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tyas, S. L. & Pederson, L. L. Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature. Tob. Control. 7, 409\u2013420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.7.4.409 (1998).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"88253_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0919-x","volume":"19","author":"PH Wirtz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wirtz, P. H. & von Kanel, R. Psychological stress, inflammation, and Coronary Heart Disease. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 19, 111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-017-0919-x (2017).","journal-title":"Curr. Cardiol. Rep."},{"key":"88253_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2012.53.2.433","volume":"53","author":"JP Allem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Allem, J. P., Ayers, J. W., Irvin, V. L., Hofstetter, C. R. & Hovell, M. F. South Korean military service promotes smoking: a quasi-experimental design. Yonsei Med. J. 53, 433\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3349\/ymj.2012.53.2.433 (2012).","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"88253_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101391","volume":"22","author":"D Bethmann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bethmann, D. & Cho, J. I. Conscription hurts: the effects of military service on physical health, drinking, and smoking. SSM Popul. Health. 22, 101391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101391 (2023).","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"key":"88253_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1177\/1367493508092509","volume":"12","author":"AD Flouris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flouris, A. D., Faught, B. E. & Klentrou, P. Cardiovascular disease risk in adolescent smokers: evidence of a \u2018smoker lifestyle\u2019. J. Child. Health Care. 12, 221\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1367493508092509 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Child. Health Care"},{"key":"88253_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(96)00183-8","volume":"20","author":"JW Twisk","year":"1997","unstructured":"Twisk, J. W., Van Mechelen, W., Kemper, H. C. & Post, G. B. The relation between long-term exposure to lifestyle during youth and young adulthood and risk factors for cardiovascular disease at adult age. J. Adolesc. Health. 20, 309\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1054-139X(96)00183-8 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"88253_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2022.2060930","volume":"49","author":"SH Choi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Choi, S. H., Stommel, M., Broman, C. & Raheb-Rauckis, C. Age of smoking initiation in relation to multiple health risk factors among US adult smokers: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) Data (2006\u20132018). Behav. Med. 49, 312\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08964289.2022.2060930 (2023).","journal-title":"Behav. Med."},{"key":"88253_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/00043798-199710000-00012","volume":"4","author":"JW Twisk","year":"1997","unstructured":"Twisk, J. W., Kemper, H. C., van Mechelen, W. & Post, G. B. Which lifestyle parameters discriminate high- from low-risk participants for coronary heart disease risk factors. Longitudinal analysis covering adolescence and young adulthood. J. Cardiovasc. Risk. 4, 393\u2013400 (1997).","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Risk"},{"key":"88253_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2009.029751","volume":"19","author":"K Honjo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Honjo, K. et al. The effects of smoking and smoking cessation on mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese: pooled analysis of three large-scale cohort studies in Japan. Tob. Control. 19, 50\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.2009.029751 (2010).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"88253_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-3289(01)00077-3","volume":"13","author":"EZ Hanna","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hanna, E. Z., Yi, H. Y., Dufour, M. C. & Whitmore, C. C. The relationship of early-onset regular smoking to alcohol use, depression, illicit drug use, and other risky behaviors during early adolescence: results from the youth supplement to the third national health and nutrition examination survey. J. Subst. Abuse. 13, 265\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0899-3289(01)00077-3 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"88253_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18695-4","volume":"24","author":"S Altwicker-Hamori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Altwicker-Hamori, S. et al. Risk factors for smoking in adolescence: evidence from a cross-sectional survey in Switzerland. BMC Public. Health. 24, 1165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-024-18695-4 (2024).","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"key":"88253_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.7.3.268","volume":"7","author":"J O\u2019Loughlin","year":"1998","unstructured":"O\u2019Loughlin, J., Paradis, G., Renaud, L. & Sanchez Gomez, L. One-year predictors of smoking initiation and of continued smoking among elementary schoolchildren in multiethnic, low-income, inner-city neighbourhoods. Tob. Control. 7, 268\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tc.7.3.268 (1998).","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"88253_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16132035","volume":"16","author":"W Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin, W. et al. Dietary patterns among smokers and non-smokers: findings from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES). Nutrients 16, 2017\u20132018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu16132035 (2024).","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"88253_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945914544335","volume":"38","author":"B Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee, B. & Yi, Y. Smoking, physical activity, and eating habits among adolescents. West. J. Nurs. Res. 38, 27\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0193945914544335 (2016).","journal-title":"West. J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"88253_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lichtenstein, A. H. et al. Dietary Guidance to Improve Cardiovascular Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 144, e472-e487, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031 (2021).","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001031"},{"key":"88253_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.18.2204","volume":"291","author":"DM Lloyd-Jones","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones, D. M. et al. Parental cardiovascular disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged adults: a prospective study of parents and offspring. JAMA 291, 2204\u20132211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.291.18.2204 (2004).","journal-title":"JAMA"}],"container-title":["Scientific Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88253-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88253-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88253-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T13:08:45Z","timestamp":1769173725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-025-88253-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["88253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-88253-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2045-2322"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2045-2322","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 January 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"This study was supported by a fund from Seoul National University (800-20190571).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Funding"}}],"article-number":"3063"}}